Question 1

Which fluid compartment contains the largest percentage of total body water in an average adult?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular fluid

Question 2

A patient is admitted with severe burns and is experiencing dehydration. Which sequence best describes the physiological response to this fluid loss?

Accepted Answer

Cells lose water, ECF osmotic pressure rises, water moves out of cells

Question 3

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which the hypothalamic thirst center is stimulated?

Accepted Answer

Increase in ECF osmolality

Question 4

A marathon runner drinks excessive amounts of water without replacing electrolytes. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic hydration (water intoxication)

Question 5

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

A patient with Addison’s disease is at risk for which electrolyte imbalance, and why?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia due to aldosterone deficiency

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion

Question 8

A patient presents with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmia after chronic vomiting. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Question 9

Which equation represents the relationship between carbon dioxide and pH in the blood?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 10

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety. What acid-base imbalance is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 11

Which buffer system is the fastest to respond to changes in blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Chemical buffer system

Question 12

A patient with renal failure is unable to excrete hydrogen ions efficiently. What is the most likely acid-base disturbance?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 13

Which of the following is a major cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Accepted Answer

K+

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why water intoxication can be fatal?

Accepted Answer

It causes hyponatremia, leading to cell swelling and cerebral edema

Question 15

Which of the following is the minimum daily urine output required to excrete metabolic wastes?

Accepted Answer

500 mL

Question 16

A patient with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which acid-base imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of natriuretic peptides?

Accepted Answer

Increase sodium and water excretion

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of untreated acidosis (blood pH \u003c 6.8)?

Accepted Answer

Depression of the central nervous system, leading to coma and death

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

They excrete H+ and generate new bicarbonate ions, slowly restoring pH

Question 20

A patient with hypokalemia is most likely to develop which acid-base imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Alkalosis

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Structured Study Notes

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