Question 1

Which fluid compartment contains the largest proportion of total body water in adults?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular fluid

Question 2

A patient presents with confusion, muscle cramps, and cerebral edema after drinking excessive amounts of water during a marathon. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 3

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney, thereby decreasing urine output?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

If a person loses more water than solutes, what happens to the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the cells?

Accepted Answer

ECF osmotic pressure rises; cells shrink

Question 5

Which equation best represents the relationship between carbon dioxide and pH in the blood?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 6

Which of the following is a major cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Accepted Answer

K+

Question 7

A patient with Addison’s disease is at risk for which of the following fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia and hypovolemia

Question 8

Which buffer system acts fastest to stabilize blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Chemical buffer system

Question 9

What is the minimum daily urine output required to excrete metabolic wastes?

Accepted Answer

500 mL

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Promotes Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion

Question 11

A patient with chronic vomiting and diarrhea is most at risk for which electrolyte imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Question 12

Which of the following is a consequence of hypotonic hydration?

Accepted Answer

Cells swell due to water gain

Question 13

Which of the following is the most dangerous electrolyte imbalance due to its effect on cardiac function?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia

Question 14

Which equation represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch relationship for blood pH?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{pH = pK_a + \log \left( \frac{[$$HCO_3$$^-]}{[H_2CO_3]} \right)}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a major source of water output in the body?

Accepted Answer

Metabolism

Question 16

Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Hypoventilation

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the renal buffer system is correct?

Accepted Answer

It can generate new bicarbonate ions to raise blood pH

Question 18

Which of the following is a potential effect of acidosis on potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia

Question 19

A football player drinks excessive water after intense sweating and develops confusion and muscle cramps. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia due to dilution of sodium

Question 20

Which of the following is the most significant solute in determining water movement between fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

Na+

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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