Question 1

Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?

Accepted Answer

The cytoplasmic side of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside, with a voltage difference of approximately -70 mV.

Question 2

Which ion plays the most important role in establishing the resting membrane potential in neurons?

Accepted Answer

K+

Question 3

What is the primary function of voltage-gated ion channels in the generation of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

They open and close in response to changes in membrane potential, enabling rapid changes in voltage across the membrane.

Question 4

During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which event occurs?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell.

Question 5

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential for potassium ($$K^+) $$ions?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{K^+} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{outside}}{[K^+]_{inside}} \right)$$

Question 6

Which of the following is true about graded potentials?

Accepted Answer

They are short-distance signals that decay with distance due to leaky plasma membranes.

Question 7

What is the 'all-or-none' phenomenon in action potentials?

Accepted Answer

An action potential either happens completely or does not happen at all, once threshold is reached.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the absolute refractory period?

Accepted Answer

It is the period during which Na+ channels are open and the neuron cannot trigger another action potential.

Question 9

Which clinical implication is directly related to the destruction of myelin sheaths in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Question 10

Which neurotransmitter is degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ($$AChE$$)?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why local anesthetics block nerve impulses?

Accepted Answer

They block voltage-gated Na+ channels, preventing depolarization.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of chemical synapses?

Accepted Answer

They ensure unidirectional communication between neurons via neurotransmitter release.

Question 13

Which equation best represents the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation for membrane potential ($$V_m$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$V_m = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \left( \frac{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{out} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{out} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{in}}{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{in} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{in} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{out}} \right)$$

Question 14

Which statement best describes the propagation of an action potential in a myelinated axon?

Accepted Answer

The action potential propagates by saltatory conduction, jumping from node to node.

Question 15

Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a catecholamine?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 16

What is the effect of excessive opioid use on the body's endogenous opiate system?

Accepted Answer

It reduces the production of endogenous opiates and their receptors, requiring greater amounts for the same effect.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase) in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell, maintaining concentration gradients.

Question 18

Which scenario would most likely result in paresthesia (the prickly feeling when nerve impulses transmit again)?

Accepted Answer

Continuous pressure or cold temperatures interrupt blood circulation and delivery of oxygen to neurons.

Question 19

Which of the following is a major difference between electrical and chemical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Electrical synapses are joined by gap junctions and allow rapid, bidirectional communication; chemical synapses use neurotransmitters and ensure unidirectional communication.

Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

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