Q: A patient has a heart rate of 90 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat. What is their cardiac output? Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 90 \times 70 = 6300\ \text{mL/min}$$

Q: A patient with a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg has a pulse pressure of:

$$120 - 80 = 40\ \text{mm Hg}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the anatomical location of the heart within the thoracic cavity?

Accepted Answer

It is located in the mediastinum, directly deep to the sternum, between the two pleural cavities.

Question 2

Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for the heart’s contractile function?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 3

What is the main function of the intercalated discs found in cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

They provide a direct electrical connection between cells, allowing action potentials to move from one cell to the next.

Question 4

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the atrioventricular (AV) valves open and the semilunar (SL) valves closed?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular diastole (passive filling)

Question 5

A patient has a heart rate of 90 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat. What is their cardiac output? Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 90 	imes 70 = 6300\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 6

Which vessel returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the cardiac conduction system is correct?

Accepted Answer

The Purkinje fibers distribute the action potential throughout the ventricular myocardium.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It must generate enough force to send blood through the systemic circulation.

Question 9

A patient is experiencing bradycardia. Which of the following could be a likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Increased parasympathetic stimulation via the vagus nerve

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart, starting from the systemic veins?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 12

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg has a pulse pressure of:

Accepted Answer

$$120 - 80 = 40\ 	ext{mm Hg}$$

Question 13

Which of the following would most likely increase capillary filtration at the arterial end of a capillary bed?

Accepted Answer

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 14

Which hormone is released by the heart in response to excessive stretching of the atria and acts to lower blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 15

A patient is given a drug that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). What is the expected effect on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure will decrease due to reduced angiotensin II and less vasoconstriction.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why blood flow increases to skeletal muscles during heavy exercise?

Accepted Answer

Redistribution of cardiac output, with vasodilation of arterioles supplying skeletal muscles

Question 17

A patient has a capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) of 35 mm Hg, an interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) of 0 mm Hg, a blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) of 25 mm Hg, and an interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (IFCOP) of 2 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arterial end of the capillary? Use the formulas: $$NHP = CHP - IFHP$$, $$NOP = BCOP - IFCOP$$, $$NFP = NHP - NOP.$$

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (35 - 0) - (25 - 2) = 35 - 23 = 12\ 	ext{mm Hg}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of the baroreceptor reflex when blood pressure rises above normal?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate and vasodilation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

Heart and Cardiovascular Physiology: Structured Study Notes

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