Question 1

Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for the force of contraction during systole?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

During ventricular systole, which valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

AV valves are closed; SL valves are open

Question 3

What is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 4

A patient has a heart rate of 90 beats/min and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat. What is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

6300 mL/min

Question 5

Which structure acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They allow direct electrical connection between cells via gap junctions

Question 7

Which vessel returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 8

During isovolumetric contraction, which event occurs?

Accepted Answer

AV valves close, SL valves remain closed, and pressure builds in ventricles

Question 9

Which of the following is a major determinant of peripheral resistance in blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Blood vessel diameter

Question 10

What is the primary mechanism for capillary exchange at the arterial end?

Accepted Answer

Filtration due to hydrostatic pressure

Question 11

Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the AV valves?

Accepted Answer

First heart sound (lubb)

Question 12

If blood pressure falls, which hormone is released by the kidneys to initiate the renin-angiotensin system?

Accepted Answer

Renin

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates thirst

Question 14

Which equation correctly represents net filtration pressure in capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = NHP - NOP$$

Question 15

A patient’s ECG shows an abnormal QRS complex. What does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization abnormality

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely cause an increase in blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral vasoconstriction

Question 17

Which structure prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Aortic valve

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate and contractility

Question 19

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the coronary sinus?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium

Question 20

Which of the following is a consequence of high blood pressure in the arteries?

Accepted Answer

Damage to blood vessel walls

Heart and Cardiovascular Physiology: Structured Study Notes

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