Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of interferons in the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

They signal neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.

Question 2

A patient is exposed to a virus. The infected host cell releases interferon, which binds to receptors on neighboring cells. What is the next step in this process?

Accepted Answer

The neighboring cell synthesizes antiviral proteins that block viral replication.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?

Accepted Answer

It is restricted to the initial site of infection.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why moderate fever can be beneficial during infection?

Accepted Answer

It causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc, which are needed by microorganisms.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the complement system is correct?

Accepted Answer

It enhances inflammation and can directly destroy bacteria by forming membrane attack complexes.

Question 6

A hapten is most likely to trigger an immune response when:

Accepted Answer

It attaches to a body protein, forming a complex that is recognized as foreign.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They engulf antigens and present fragments to T cells for recognition.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response after a B cell encounters its specific antigen?

Accepted Answer

Antigen binding → B cell activation → proliferation → differentiation into plasma and memory cells

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the secondary immune response is faster and more effective than the primary response?

Accepted Answer

Memory B cells are already primed to respond to the antigen, leading to rapid proliferation and antibody production.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of artificially acquired passive humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving an injection of gamma globulin after exposure to hepatitis

Question 11

A patient receives a kidney transplant and is at risk of immune rejection. Which molecules on the donor kidney cells are most likely to be recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic determinants on the donor's MHC proteins

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

B lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity, while T lymphocytes are involved in cellular immunity.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the complement system in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Forming membrane attack complexes that lyse target cells

Question 14

A child is exposed to chickenpox and develops the disease, later becoming immune. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired active immunity

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why vaccines are effective in preventing infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

They provide antigenic determinants that stimulate the adaptive immune system to produce memory cells without causing disease.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about antigenic determinants is correct?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic determinants are the specific parts of an antigen that antibodies or lymphocyte receptors bind to.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies or complement proteins coat a pathogen, enhancing its uptake by phagocytes.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about immunological memory?

Accepted Answer

Immunological memory allows for a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a person who receives antibodies from another individual does not develop immunological memory?

Accepted Answer

The recipient's B cells are not activated and do not produce memory cells.

Innate and Adaptive Defenses: Blood and Immune System Mechanisms

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