Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the innate (nonspecific) defense system in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

It provides a rapid, general defense against any pathogen that breaches the body's surface barriers.

Question 2

A patient presents with a cut that has become red, swollen, hot, and painful. Which of the following best explains the physiological basis for these signs of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, leading to hyperemia and exudate formation.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of the chemicals released during the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Making capillaries less permeable to prevent swelling.

Question 4

A macrophage engulfs a bacterium by forming pseudopods around it, creating a vesicle. What is the name of this vesicle, and what is the next step in the process?

Accepted Answer

Phagosome; the vesicle fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome.

Question 5

Some bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can survive inside macrophages. What is a possible consequence of this survival mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Formation of granulomas, which are areas of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages and a capsule.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They induce apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells lacking 'self' cell-surface receptors.

Question 7

During the process of phagocytosis, what is the function of the respiratory burst triggered by helper T cells?

Accepted Answer

To kill pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes by releasing free radicals and oxidizing chemicals.

Question 8

Which of the following is a benefit of edema during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

It sweeps foreign material into lymphatic vessels for processing in lymph nodes.

Question 9

A patient with a skin infection is found to have a high number of neutrophils in the blood. Which process is responsible for this increase?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis, induced by the release of leukocytosis-inducing factors from injured tissues.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the skin is an effective first line of defense against pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Its keratinized surface is resistant to weak acids, bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins.

Question 11

Which chemical factor produced by the skin and mucous membranes is responsible for creating an acidic environment that inhibits microbial growth?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid

Question 12

What is the primary function of defensins produced by the skin and mucous membranes?

Accepted Answer

To inhibit microbial growth by acting as antimicrobial peptides.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of chemotaxis during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytes follow a chemical trail to the site of tissue injury.

Question 14

A patient with a bacterial infection is experiencing pain at the site of inflammation. Which of the following is NOT a direct cause of this pain?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of local arterioles.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Adherence → Formation of phagosome → Fusion with lysosome → Digestion → Exocytosis of residual material

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why fever can be beneficial during infection?

Accepted Answer

It increases the metabolic rate of cells, which speeds up tissue repair.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the fibrin mesh formed during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a scaffold for tissue repair and isolates the injured area to prevent the spread of invaders.

Question 18

A patient with a genetic defect in the production of lysozyme would be most susceptible to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of bacterial infections due to reduced ability to destroy bacteria in saliva and mucus.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

Accepted Answer

Innate defenses release proteins that alert and activate cells of the adaptive immune system.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-life example of the second line of defense in action?

Accepted Answer

A cut on the skin becomes red and swollen as neutrophils and macrophages migrate to the site to destroy invading bacteria.

Innate Defenses and Inflammation: The Immune System in Anatomy & Physiology

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