Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which peptide hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to surface membrane receptors and initiate signal transduction pathways.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of hypercortisolism. Laboratory tests reveal elevated cortisol and low ACTH levels. Which type of endocrine pathology is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Primary pathology of the adrenal cortex

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is derived from a single amino acid and behaves most like a steroid hormone in terms of its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone

Question 4

What is the main reason steroid hormones have a longer half-life in the blood compared to peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to carrier proteins in the blood.

Question 5

Which feedback mechanism is most dominant in the hypothalamic-pituitary pathway?

Accepted Answer

Long-loop negative feedback

Question 6

A researcher removes the thyroid gland from an animal and observes the effects. According to the classic steps for identifying an endocrine gland, what should the researcher do next?

Accepted Answer

Replace the hormone that was produced by the gland.

Question 7

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of hormone synergism?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol and epinephrine together produce a greater increase in blood glucose than either alone.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence for peptide hormone synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Preprohormone → Prohormone → Active hormone

Question 9

A patient with hyperinsulinemia develops decreased responsiveness to insulin. Which cellular adaptation is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation of insulin receptors

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and is involved in water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It ensures small, concentrated amounts of hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a permissive hormone interaction?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone allowing reproductive hormones to cause normal development of reproductive organs

Question 13

Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyrotropin (TSH)

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones are not stored in vesicles within endocrine cells?

Accepted Answer

They are synthesized on demand and diffuse out of the cell due to their lipophilic nature.

Question 15

A patient is given an exogenous hormone that mimics a naturally occurring hormone. What is a likely consequence of this treatment?

Accepted Answer

Atrophy of the gland that normally produces the hormone due to negative feedback

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of hormones?

Accepted Answer

They exert their effects at very low concentrations.

Question 17

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between catecholamines and thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines behave like peptide hormones, while thyroid hormones behave like steroid hormones.

Question 19

Which of the following is a likely result of hyposecretion of a hormone due to gland atrophy?

Accepted Answer

Overproduction of trophic hormones due to loss of negative feedback

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of trophic hormones?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate the secretion of other hormones.

Introduction to the Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Regulation

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