Question 1

Which of the following hormones is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and what is its primary effect on the body?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases renal reabsorption of Na+ and water

Question 2

A patient presents with low blood calcium levels. Which endocrine gland and hormone are most likely responsible for correcting this imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid gland; parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It allows regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus to reach the anterior pituitary gland directly.

Question 4

Which cell type in the pancreatic islets is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels, and what hormone does it secrete?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells; insulin

Question 5

A blood smear shows a high number of large cells with kidney bean-shaped nuclei. Which type of white blood cell is this, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Monocyte; becomes a macrophage and engulfs pathogens

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why veins have valves, but arteries do not?

Accepted Answer

Veins operate under lower pressure and need valves to prevent backflow of blood.

Question 7

A patient with type O blood receives a transfusion of type A blood. What will happen and why?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis will occur because type O plasma contains anti-A antibodies.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the pulmonary circuit?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium

Question 9

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is involved in water retention by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels during a stressful event. Which adrenal region and hormones are primarily responsible for these effects?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal medulla; epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of albumins in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

They maintain osmotic pressure and transport substances.

Question 12

Which of the following blood vessels has the thickest tunica media and why?

Accepted Answer

Arteries; to regulate blood pressure and flow

Question 13

A patient with a tumor in the anterior pituitary may have abnormal levels of which of the following hormones?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating hematocrit, the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hematocrit} = \frac{	ext{Volume of RBCs}}{	ext{Total Blood Volume}} 	imes 100$$

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the role of precapillary sphincters in regulating blood flow?

Accepted Answer

They regulate blood flow into capillary beds based on tissue needs.

Question 16

A patient with Addison's disease has damage to the adrenal cortex. Which hormone deficiency is most likely to cause low blood sodium and high blood potassium?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of the Circle of Willis?

Accepted Answer

An arterial circle at the base of the brain that provides collateral blood flow

Question 18

Which of the following white blood cells increases in number during allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver.

Laboratory Study Guide: Endocrine Organs, Blood, and Blood Vessels

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