$$\text{Osmolarity} = 1\ \text{mM} \times 2$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure of a phospholipid in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A molecule with a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails

Question 2

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx on the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Allows cells to recognize one another and provides a 'sugar coating'

Question 3

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink as water leaves the cell

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of osmolarity for a solution containing 1 mM NaCl?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Osmolarity} = 1\ 	ext{mM} 	imes 2$$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why facilitated diffusion is considered a passive process?

Accepted Answer

It moves substances down their concentration gradient without using cellular energy

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of primary active transport?

Accepted Answer

It directly uses ATP to move ions against their concentration gradients

Question 7

The Na+/K+ ATPase pump moves ions in which direction and in what ratio?

Accepted Answer

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It reduces membrane fluidity and stabilizes the membrane structure

Question 9

A patient is given an intravenous solution of 0.9% NaCl. This solution is considered:

Accepted Answer

Isotonic to red blood cells

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of tight junctions in epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

They fuse adjacent plasma membranes to prevent passage of molecules between cells

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Question 12

Which of the following is a real-life application of hypertonic solutions in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Used to pull water out of swollen tissues in cases of edema

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell

Question 14

Which of the following is a key difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires carrier or channel proteins, while simple diffusion does not

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why neurons have a high metabolic rate?

Accepted Answer

They require continuous supplies of oxygen and glucose to maintain electrical activity

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of desmosomes?

Accepted Answer

They anchor cells together to resist mechanical stress

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Na+-glucose cotransporter using the Na+ gradient created by Na+/K+ ATPase

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the direction of impulse conduction in a typical neuron?

Accepted Answer

From dendrites to cell body to axon to axon terminals

Question 19

Which of the following is a property of channel-mediated facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It is selective due to pore size and the charges of amino acids lining the channel

Question 20

A neuron is exposed to a toxin that blocks retrograde transport. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Damaged organelles cannot be transported back to the cell body for degradation

Membrane Transport & Excitable Cells: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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