Question 1

Which glial cell is primarily responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 2

A patient has a demyelinating disease affecting the peripheral nervous system. Which cell type is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cell

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

They form the blood-brain barrier and regulate extracellular ion balance.

Question 4

What is the main difference between chemical and electrical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Electrical synapses allow direct ion flow between cells, while chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to transmit signals.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the direction of information flow in a typical multipolar neuron?

Accepted Answer

From dendrites to cell body to axon

Question 6

A neurotransmitter binds to a receptor and causes an influx of $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ ions, resulting in depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. Which type of postsynaptic potential is this?

Accepted Answer

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Question 7

Which process is responsible for the removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft by breaking them down into inactive compounds?

Accepted Answer

Enzymatic degradation

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of microglial cells in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosing pathogens and damaged cells

Question 9

A neuron has one process that splits into two branches: one functioning as a dendrite and the other as an axon. What type of neuron is this?

Accepted Answer

Unipolar neuron

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin allows action potentials to jump between nodes of Ranvier via saltatory conduction.

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple axon segments in the CNS, while Schwann cells myelinate a single axon segment in the PNS.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the axon hillock in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It is the region where action potentials are initiated if threshold is reached.

Question 13

Which of the following is a characteristic of metabotropic receptors?

Accepted Answer

They activate G proteins, leading to slower, longer-lasting effects such as gene transcription.

Question 14

A researcher is studying the transport of vesicles containing neurotransmitters from the cell body to the axon terminal. Which motor protein is primarily responsible for this anterograde transport?

Accepted Answer

Kinesin

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They provide structural and metabolic support to neuron cell bodies in ganglia.

Question 16

Which of the following neurotransmitters is degraded by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 17

A neuron releases a neurotransmitter that binds to a postsynaptic receptor, causing $$\mathrm{Cl^-}$$ ions to enter the cell. What is the likely effect on the postsynaptic membrane?

Accepted Answer

Hyperpolarization and decreased likelihood of action potential

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

Accepted Answer

It restricts the passage of certain substances from the blood into the CNS, protecting neural tissue.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at axon terminal → Ca$$^{2+}$$ influx → neurotransmitter release → postsynaptic receptor activation

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of ependymal cells in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

They line the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Nervous System Cells: Structure, Function, and Communication

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