Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of glomerular filtration in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It passively forces water and solutes smaller than plasma proteins through a filtration membrane into the glomerular capsule.

Question 2

A patient presents with proteinuria (protein in the urine). Which structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

The filtration membrane, particularly the slit diaphragms of podocytes

Question 3

Which pressure is primarily responsible for driving glomerular filtration, and what is its typical value?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (HPgc); 55 mm Hg

Question 4

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus using the following values: $$HP_{gc} = 60 mm Hg$$, $$OP_{gc} = 32 mm Hg$$, $$HP_{cs} = 18 mm Hg.$$

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP_{gc} - (OP_{gc} + HP_{cs}) = 60 - (32 + 18) = 10 mm Hg$$

Question 5

Which of the following would most likely cause a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 6

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by inserting aquaporins into the apical membrane?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has glucose in their urine. This is best explained by:

Accepted Answer

The transport maximum (Tm) for glucose reabsorption being exceeded

Question 8

Which of the following substances is primarily reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 9

What is the main effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on kidney function?

Accepted Answer

It reduces sodium reabsorption, lowering blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of tubular secretion?

Accepted Answer

It is the movement of selected substances from the blood into the filtrate, primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct result of increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Increased urine output and decreased blood pressure

Question 12

Which mechanism is responsible for the local intrinsic control of GFR in response to changes in blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Myogenic mechanism

Question 13

If the afferent arteriole is constricted and the efferent arteriole is dilated, what will happen to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

GFR will decrease

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble drugs and environmental pollutants are often reabsorbed in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

They follow water by passive diffusion down their concentration gradients.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of tubular secretion?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids

Question 16

A patient with anuria (urine output \u003c 50 mL/day) is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular blood pressure too low to cause filtration

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the macula densa in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

Accepted Answer

It detects NaCl concentration in the filtrate and signals afferent arteriole constriction or dilation.

Question 18

Which of the following is the main mechanism for sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport via Na+-K+ ATPase on the basolateral membrane

Question 19

Which hormone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to increase calcium reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the kidneys consume 20–25% of the body's oxygen at rest?

Accepted Answer

They are responsible for the active reabsorption and secretion of many solutes, which requires significant ATP.

Physiology of the Kidney: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드