Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification during long bone development?

Accepted Answer

Bone replaces a pre-existing hyaline cartilage model, beginning at the primary ossification center in the diaphysis.

Question 2

Which cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption, and what is the effect of its overactivity in aging individuals?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts; leads to osteoporosis due to excessive bone loss

Question 3

During appositional growth, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

Bone increases in width as osteoblasts deposit bone on the outer surface and osteoclasts resorb bone from the inner surface.

Question 4

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 5

A patient presents with porous bones and a history of early menopause. Which physiological change most likely contributed to her condition?

Accepted Answer

Decreased estrogen levels resulting in loss of osteoblast control and overactive osteoclasts

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the central (Haversian) canal in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

It houses blood vessels and nerves that supply the osteon.

Question 7

Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption in the intestines and thus critical for bone mineralization?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

Question 8

A child with a deficiency in which mineral would most likely develop rickets, characterized by poorly mineralized bones?

Accepted Answer

Calcium

Question 9

Which of the following bones is classified as a sesamoid bone?

Accepted Answer

Patella

Question 10

Which structure separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis in a growing long bone and is responsible for lengthwise bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate (cartilage)

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why compact bone is strong when stress is applied from one end but weak when stress is applied from the side?

Accepted Answer

The arrangement of osteons and collagen fibers is parallel to the long axis of the bone.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the paranasal sinuses?

Accepted Answer

Providing attachment for tongue muscles

Question 13

Which bone is unique in that it does not articulate with any other bone and serves as an attachment for tongue and larynx muscles?

Accepted Answer

Hyoid bone

Question 14

A fracture damages the periosteum of a long bone. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Appositional growth (increase in bone width)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of canaliculi in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

They connect osteocytes in lacunae, allowing for nutrient and waste exchange.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts form bone collar → Chondrocytes die → Blood vessels invade → Primary ossification center forms

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why osteoporosis is more common in postmenopausal women?

Accepted Answer

Decreased estrogen levels reduce osteoblast activity and allow osteoclasts to resorb bone unchecked.

Question 18

Which of the following bones is formed by intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Parietal bone of the skull

Question 19

A patient has a mutation that prevents the formation of canaliculi in bone tissue. Which of the following would most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Osteocytes would be unable to communicate and exchange nutrients, leading to bone weakness.

LEC 2

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