Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of paracrine communication?

Accepted Answer

Transmission through extracellular fluid using paracrine factors

Question 2

A patient presents with a large swelling in the neck, as shown in the image. Which hormone imbalance is most likely responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of thyroid hormone

Question 3

Which hormone is classified as a steroid hormone and is derived from cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the regulation of thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus releases TRH → Pituitary releases TSH → Thyroid releases T3/T4

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the negative feedback mechanism in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

Accepted Answer

Increased T3/T4 inhibits TRH and TSH release

Question 6

A child presents with stunted growth and bone deformities, as shown in the image. Which hormone deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone

Question 7

Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary lobe?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin (OXT)

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the action of thyroid hormones at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

Bind to nuclear receptors and alter gene transcription

Question 9

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 10

A patient with diabetes is at risk for which of the following complications? (Select the best answer)

Accepted Answer

Diabetic nephropathy

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of direct intercellular communication?

Accepted Answer

Occurs through gap junctions and affects adjacent cells

Question 12

Which hormone is released in response to increased blood osmolarity and acts on the kidneys to conserve water?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the feedback regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion?

Accepted Answer

GH stimulates somatomedins, which inhibit GH-RH and stimulate GH-IH release

Question 14

Which of the following is a peptide hormone?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct pathway for the synthesis of active vitamin D (calcitriol) in the body?

Accepted Answer

Skin → Liver → Kidney

Question 16

A patient with low parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones can pass through the plasma membrane of target cells?

Accepted Answer

They are lipid-soluble and diffuse through the lipid bilayer

Question 18

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 19

Which of the following is a common effect of diabetes on the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Diabetic neuropathy

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of follicular cells in the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Produce and store thyroglobulin for thyroid hormone synthesis

The Endocrine System: Hormones, Glands, and Regulation

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