Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between paracrine and endocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Paracrine signaling involves hormones acting on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream, while endocrine signaling involves hormones traveling through the blood to distant target cells.

Question 2

A patient has a tumor that is secreting a hormone which only affects the same cell that releases it. What type of signaling is this?

Accepted Answer

Autocrine

Question 3

Which of the following is a characteristic of all hormones?

Accepted Answer

They are released in specific rates and rhythms, affect only cells with appropriate receptors, operate within feedback systems, and are removed by enzymatic breakdown.

Question 4

Insulin is released in response to increased blood glucose levels. Once blood glucose returns to normal, insulin secretion decreases. What type of feedback system is this?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why only certain cells respond to a particular hormone?

Accepted Answer

Only those cells have the appropriate hormone receptor.

Question 6

Amino acid-based hormones are generally:

Accepted Answer

Water-soluble and bind to receptors on the cell surface.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the half-life of a hormone?

Accepted Answer

$$t_{1/2} = \frac{0.693}{k}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 9

A patient presents with excessive urination and thirst. Laboratory tests reveal a deficiency in a hormone released from the posterior pituitary. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for lipid-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and alter gene expression.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of humoral regulation of hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low blood calcium levels.

Question 12

Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary and targets the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 13

A patient with a goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) is most likely experiencing a problem with which hormone pathway?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone pathway

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

It links the nervous and endocrine systems and produces regulatory hormones that control the pituitary gland.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for water-soluble hormone action?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds to cell surface receptor → activation of G protein → activation of adenylate cyclase → production of cAMP → activation of protein kinases

Question 16

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 17

A patient with high blood pressure, excessive facial hair, and slow wound healing is most likely experiencing excess secretion of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones require transport proteins in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They are lipid-soluble and do not dissolve easily in plasma.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of insulin in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Increases glycogen synthesis and decreases gluconeogenesis

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It carries regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

The Endocrine System: Mechanisms, Hormones, and Regulation

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