Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of response duration?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system produces short-duration responses, while the endocrine system produces long-duration responses.

Question 2

Amino acid–based hormones (except thyroid hormone) exert their effects on target cells primarily by:

Accepted Answer

Acting via G protein second messenger systems on plasma membrane receptors.

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and acts to increase blood calcium concentration?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 4

A patient presents with rapid heartbeat, sweating, weight loss despite adequate food intake, and protruding eyes. Which endocrine disorder is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus → TRH → Anterior pituitary → TSH → Thyroid gland → Thyroid hormones

Question 6

Which hormone is synthesized from cholesterol, is lipid-soluble, and acts on intracellular receptors?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 7

A patient with a tumor in the anterior pituitary is found to have elevated growth hormone levels. What is the most likely clinical outcome in adults?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the mechanism by which water-soluble hormones produce their effects?

Accepted Answer

They bind to plasma membrane receptors and activate second messenger systems such as cyclic AMP.

Question 9

Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct effect of cortisol during stress?

Accepted Answer

Increase in blood glucose levels via gluconeogenesis

Question 11

A patient with hyposecretion of insulin is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

Question 12

Which hormone is released by the heart and acts to decrease blood pressure by reducing sodium concentration in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 13

Which of the following hormones is NOT classified as a tropic hormone?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 14

Which hormone is released in response to neural stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of up-regulation in target cells?

Accepted Answer

Target cells form more receptors in response to persistently low hormone levels.

Question 16

Which hormone is produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and acts to lower blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys and signals the production of red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 18

Which hormone is released by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels and acts to lower blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 19

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in females and is primarily regulated by dopamine?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 20

Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH and is the main glucocorticoid in humans?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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