Q: Which of the following equations correctly calculates alveolar ventilation (AV)?

$$AV = \text{frequency} \times (TV - \text{dead space})$$

Q: According to Dalton’s law, what is the partial pressure of oxygen ($$P_{O_2$}) at $$sea level if atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg and oxygen makes up 20.9% of the air?

$$P_{O_2$} = 0.209 \times 760 = 159 mm Hg$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the nasal conchae in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

They increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, enhancing the warming, moistening, and filtering of incoming air.

Question 2

A patient presents with a severe asthma attack. Which of the following best explains why epinephrine is administered?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine causes bronchodilation, reducing airway resistance and improving airflow.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents Boyle’s Law as it applies to pulmonary ventilation?

Accepted Answer

$$P_1$$ $$V_1$$ = $$P_2$$ $$V_2$$

Question 4

During quiet inspiration, which muscles are primarily responsible for increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Question 5

A patient with a stab wound to the chest develops a pneumothorax. Which of the following best explains why the lung collapses?

Accepted Answer

Air enters the pleural cavity, causing intrapleural pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure, eliminating the transpulmonary pressure that keeps the lung inflated.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse during expiration.

Question 7

A spirometry test shows a patient has a reduced vital capacity (VC) but a normal total lung capacity (TLC). Which type of pulmonary disease is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Restrictive disease

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly calculates alveolar ventilation (AV)?

Accepted Answer

$$AV = 	ext{frequency} 	imes (TV - 	ext{dead space})$$

Question 9

According to Dalton’s law, what is the partial pressure of oxygen ($$P_{O_2$}) at $$sea level if atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg and oxygen makes up 20.9% of the air?

Accepted Answer

$$P_{O_2$} = 0.209 	imes 760 = 159 mm Hg$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is so dangerous?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin has a much higher affinity for CO than for oxygen, preventing oxygen transport to tissues.

Question 11

Which of the following changes would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, promoting oxygen unloading in tissues?

Accepted Answer

Increased temperature, increased $$P_{CO_2$}$$, decreased pH

Question 12

A patient with chronic bronchitis is likely to have which of the following changes in their pulmonary function test results?

Accepted Answer

Increased residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC) due to air trapping

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the Haldane effect?

Accepted Answer

Deoxygenated hemoglobin binds more carbon dioxide, facilitating CO$$_2$$ transport from tissues to lungs.

Question 14

Which of the following is the main mechanism by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

Accepted Answer

As bicarbonate ions ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) in plasma

Question 15

A person at high altitude experiences an increase in ventilation. Which of the following best explains this physiological response?

Accepted Answer

Decreased $$P_{O_2$}$$ stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors, increasing respiratory rate to improve oxygen uptake.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the pleurae in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

They produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize the lungs, reducing friction during breathing.

Question 17

Which of the following would most likely result in a decrease in lung compliance?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary fibrosis, which replaces elastic tissue with scar tissue

Question 18

A patient is breathing rapidly and shallowly (panting). What effect does this have on alveolar ventilation (AV), assuming dead space remains constant?

Accepted Answer

AV decreases because a greater proportion of each breath fills the dead space, reducing effective gas exchange.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a person with left-sided heart failure may develop pulmonary edema and impaired gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries causes fluid to leak into alveoli, thickening the respiratory membrane and impairing diffusion.

The Respiratory System: Structure and Function

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