Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood plasma, reabsorbs useful substances, and secretes wastes to form urine.

Question 2

A patient presents with a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level significantly above normal. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Renal insufficiency leading to decreased excretion of nitrogenous wastes

Question 3

Which of the following correctly traces the path of filtrate from its formation to excretion?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capsule → PCT → nephron loop → DCT → collecting duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

Question 4

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium reabsorption and water retention

Question 5

A person stranded at sea drinks salt water. Which physiological process will most likely lead to their death?

Accepted Answer

The kidneys cannot excrete urine with a higher osmolarity than seawater, leading to dehydration.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remains relatively constant despite fluctuations in systemic blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Renal autoregulation, including the myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback, adjusts the diameter of the afferent arteriole.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a normal constituent of urine?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 8

A patient with diabetes insipidus is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria due to ADH hyposecretion

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of caffeine on the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Caffeine dilates the afferent arteriole, increasing GFR and urine output.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP_g - (OP_g + HP_c)$$

Question 11

A patient with a kidney stone blocking the ureter is likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased capsular hydrostatic pressure, leading to decreased GFR

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood pressure and GFR via renin secretion and afferent arteriole constriction

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the descending limb of the nephron loop is able to reabsorb water but not electrolytes?

Accepted Answer

The descending limb is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes.

Question 14

A patient with hematuria and proteinuria after a car accident most likely has which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular damage due to trauma

Question 15

Which of the following is the most likely cause of polyuria in a patient with untreated diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Osmotic diuresis due to glucose in the filtrate

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the collecting duct in urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

It reabsorbs water under the influence of ADH, concentrating the urine.

Question 17

Which of the following is a likely consequence of chronic hypertension on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Rupture and scarring of glomeruli, leading to decreased renal function

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla, allowing for greater urine concentration.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the mechanism by which the kidneys help regulate acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

By secreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions in the renal tubules

Question 20

A patient with a genetic disease causing multiple cysts on the kidneys is most likely suffering from which condition?

Accepted Answer

Polycystic kidney disease

Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Pathology

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