Question 1

Which experimental result from the Miller-Urey experiment provided the strongest evidence against the theory of vitalism?

Accepted Answer

The formation of amino acids and other organic molecules from inorganic precursors under simulated early Earth conditions.

Question 2

Which property of carbon most directly explains its ability to form a wide variety of complex organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Its tetravalence, allowing it to form four covalent bonds.

Question 3

Given the formula $$C_5H_{10}$$, which type of hydrocarbon does this represent?

Accepted Answer

An alkene

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a structural isomer?

Accepted Answer

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of atoms.

Question 5

Which functional group is responsible for making amino acids act as bases in aqueous solution?

Accepted Answer

Amino group ($$-NH_2$)

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the hydroxyl functional group is correct?

Accepted Answer

It increases the solubility of organic molecules in water due to its polarity.

Question 7

A molecule with the formula $$C_6H_{12}O_6$ is most likely a:

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharide

Question 8

Which type of glycosidic linkage is found in cellulose, and why can't humans digest it?

Accepted Answer

β-1,4 linkage; human enzymes cannot access the straight-chain structure formed by β-glucose monomers.

Question 9

Which process breaks the bonds between monomers in a polymer by adding water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a true polymer?

Accepted Answer

Lipid

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why saturated fats are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fats are liquid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fats have straight chains that pack closely together, while unsaturated fats have kinks due to double bonds.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of cholesterol in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It maintains membrane fluidity and serves as a precursor for steroid hormones.

Question 13

Which bond type is responsible for linking amino acids together in a protein's primary structure?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 14

A mutation in the DNA sequence that codes for a protein can lead to which of the following outcomes?

Accepted Answer

A change in the primary structure, which may alter secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, potentially resulting in loss of function.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between alpha (α) and beta (β) glucose?

Accepted Answer

The position of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon (C1) relative to the CH$$_2OH $$group on C6.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule with its monomer and the bond type that links them?

Accepted Answer

Protein – Amino acid – Peptide bond

Question 17

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming bilayers in aqueous environments.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are sensitive to changes in temperature and pH?

Accepted Answer

Changes in temperature and pH can alter the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme, affecting its function.

Question 19

According to Chargaff’s Rule, if a DNA sample contains 20% adenine, what percentage of guanine does it contain?

Accepted Answer

30%

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules: Foundations of Biochemistry

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