Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of courtship rituals in animals?

Accepted Answer

Increasing predation risk for offspring

Question 2

In lek mating systems, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Males gather in communal arenas and females choose among displaying males.

Question 3

According to Bateman’s principle, which sex is typically the limiting resource in sexual selection, and why?

Accepted Answer

Females, because they invest more in offspring production.

Question 4

Which hypothesis explains why females might choose males with bright colors, even if those colors increase predation risk?

Accepted Answer

Good genes hypothesis

Question 5

Which of the following best describes resource defense polygyny?

Accepted Answer

Males defend territories with valuable resources, and females choose mates based on territory quality.

Question 6

Refer to the survivorship graph of testosterone-implanted and control males. What is the main conclusion that can be drawn from this experiment?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone-implanted males have lower survivorship than controls.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of intrasexual selection?

Accepted Answer

Male elephant seals fighting for dominance over a group of females.

Question 8

Why does the lek paradox exist, and how is genetic variation maintained despite strong female preference for certain male traits?

Accepted Answer

Mutations and host-parasite interactions maintain genetic variance.

Question 9

Which of the following is a cost of territorial behavior in animals?

Accepted Answer

Energetic expense due to behavioral displays

Question 10

A male cichlid fish builds a large sand crater in a lek. According to sexual selection theory, what is the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

He will attract more females and have higher mating success.

Question 11

Which equation best represents the relationship between plasma testosterone and time spent in the nest, as shown in the provided scatterplot?

Accepted Answer

$$y = -mx + b$$

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of frequency-dependent sexual selection?

Accepted Answer

Rock-paper-scissors lizard morphs, where each strategy does best when its competitor is common.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of cooperative polyandry?

Accepted Answer

A female mates with several males, all of whom help raise the offspring.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why sexual dimorphism is often more pronounced in species with strong sexual selection?

Accepted Answer

One sex (usually males) evolves exaggerated traits to compete for mates.

Question 15

In the context of intersexual selection, what is Fisher’s runaway selection hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Male trait and female preference are genetically correlated, leading to exaggerated traits.

Question 16

Which of the following is a plausible reason why testosterone levels fluctuate seasonally in vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone increases during breeding season to promote territorial and mating behaviors.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a courtship ritual that involves a non-visual signal?

Accepted Answer

Pheromone release

Question 18

In female defense polygyny, what is the primary strategy used by males?

Accepted Answer

Defending groups of females from other males

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between testosterone and brooding behavior, as shown in the provided graphs?

Accepted Answer

Higher testosterone decreases time spent brooding.

Question 20

Which of the following is a likely evolutionary cost of aggression, as revealed by testosterone manipulations in free-living male lizards?

Accepted Answer

Decreased survivorship

Animal Courtship, Mating Systems, and Sexual Selection

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