Q: According to the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, which equation best predicts the number of species ($$S^*) at $$equilibrium on an island?

$$S^* = \text{where immigration rate equals extinction rate}$$

Q: Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between net primary productivity ($$NPP) $$and nitrogen fixation?

$$NPP \propto \text{Rate of nitrogen fixation}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the latitudinal diversity gradient as shown in the first two images, and what is a plausible explanation for this pattern?

Accepted Answer

Species richness is highest near the equator, likely due to higher energy input and stable environmental conditions supporting more complex food webs.

Question 2

Which hypothesis explains the higher species diversity in the tropics by stating that more solar energy per unit area results in higher net primary production?

Accepted Answer

Energy hypothesis

Question 3

According to the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, which equation best predicts the number of species ($$S^*) at $$equilibrium on an island?

Accepted Answer

$$S^* = 	ext{where immigration rate equals extinction rate}$$

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an ecosystem service provided by biodiversity?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift in populations

Question 5

A fossilized trilobite (as shown in image 6) is most likely to be found in which type of environment, based on fossilization biases?

Accepted Answer

A marine environment with slow decomposition and high sedimentation

Question 6

Which of the following statements about viruses (see image 5) is correct?

Accepted Answer

Viruses contain genetic material and a protein coat, but cannot make their own ATP.

Question 7

Which process allows bacteria to gain genetic variation by direct cell-to-cell contact?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and no outer membrane, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall and an outer membrane.

Question 9

Which event during the Precambrian eon led to a significant increase in atmospheric oxygen, as shown in image 4?

Accepted Answer

The evolution of cyanobacteria performing oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 10

Which of the following is a vestigial trait that provides evidence for evolution?

Accepted Answer

The human appendix

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct statement about the three-domain tree and two-domain tree shown in image 7?

Accepted Answer

In the three-domain tree, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are all monophyletic groups.

Question 12

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between net primary productivity ($$NPP) $$and nitrogen fixation?

Accepted Answer

$$NPP \propto 	ext{Rate of nitrogen fixation}$$

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the current high rates of extinction?

Accepted Answer

Increased rates of speciation

Question 14

Which of the following is a supporting ecosystem service?

Accepted Answer

Pollination and pest control

Question 15

Which of the following statements about prokaryotes and eukaryotes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells do not have nuclei so their DNA is found in the cytoplasm while eukaryotic cells have DNA found in membrane bound nuclei.

Question 16

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of higher functional diversity in a plant community?

Accepted Answer

Increased ecosystem productivity due to resource use efficiency and facilitation.

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct benefit of ecosystem services to humans?

Accepted Answer

Provisioning services such as food and raw materials

Question 18

Which of the following is a reason why the fossil record is biased?

Accepted Answer

Organisms with hard structures are more likely to fossilize than those with soft bodies.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of macroevolution as studied by researchers?

Accepted Answer

Researchers use fossil records and phylogenetic trees to study how species change over time and are related by common ancestry.

Biodiversity, Biogeography, and the Diversity of Prokaryotes and Viruses

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