Question 1

Which of the following best describes what happens at the G$$_1$$ checkpoint in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

The cell checks for DNA damage and ensures there are enough resources for DNA replication.

Question 2

A mutation causes a cell to bypass the G$$_2$$ checkpoint. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Cells may enter mitosis with damaged or incompletely replicated DNA.

Question 3

During which checkpoint does the cell ensure that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before proceeding?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint

Question 4

If a human skin cell undergoes mitosis but the sister chromatids of one chromosome fail to separate, how many chromosomes will one daughter cell have?

Accepted Answer

47

Question 5

Which experiment provided evidence that DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment with S. pneumoniae and purified cellular molecules

Question 6

Why is a DNA helix with mostly A-T base pairs easier to separate than one with mostly G-C pairs?

Accepted Answer

A-T pairs have two hydrogen bonds, while G-C pairs have three hydrogen bonds.

Question 7

A DNA sample contains 35% adenine (A). What percentage of guanine (G) does it contain?

Accepted Answer

$$15\%$$

Question 8

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the redundancy of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

More than one codon can specify the same amino acid.

Question 10

Given the mRNA sequence 5'-AUGUGGGCCUGG-3', what is the resulting amino acid sequence?

Accepted Answer

Met-Trp-Ala-Trp

Question 11

A mutation changes a UGU codon (Cys) to UGG (Trp). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why some mutations do NOT alter the amino acid sequence of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is redundant, so some codons code for the same amino acid.

Question 13

Which process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and results in the production of mRNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 14

What would be the effect of a mutation that alters the promoter sequence of a gene so that RNA polymerase cannot bind?

Accepted Answer

Transcription of the gene would not occur.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about transcription and translation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Transcription can occur without translation, but translation cannot occur without transcription.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the poly(A) tail added to eukaryotic mRNAs?

Accepted Answer

It protects the mRNA from degradation and assists in export from the nucleus.

Question 17

Why does addition or deletion of one nucleotide in the coding region of a gene usually alter the structure and function of a protein?

Accepted Answer

It causes a frameshift, changing the reading frame of the genetic code.

Question 18

Which strand of DNA is used as the template during transcription?

Accepted Answer

The template strand

Question 19

Which of the following is a difference between DNA replication and transcription?

Accepted Answer

DNA replication produces double-stranded DNA, while transcription produces single-stranded RNA.

Question 20

If a mutation changes a codon from UGU (Cys) to UGA, what is the result?

Accepted Answer

A nonsense mutation that introduces a stop codon.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and the Genetic Code Table: Study Guidance

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