Question 1

Which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle is primarily responsible for DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with chromosomes aligned in the center of the cell, attached to spindle fibers. Which stage of mitosis is this cell in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 3

Why can't cells grow indefinitely large? Choose the best explanation.

Accepted Answer

The surface area to volume ratio decreases, limiting nutrient and waste exchange.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of checkpoints during the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

They verify DNA is undamaged and the cell is ready for the next phase.

Question 5

A mutation causes a cell to ignore chemical signals that regulate division. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will divide uncontrollably, potentially leading to cancer.

Question 6

Which process results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis

Question 7

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and produce proteins necessary for DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

G1 phase

Question 8

What is the main difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Accepted Answer

Benign tumors do not spread, while malignant tumors can invade other tissues.

Question 9

Which of the following is a real-life example of apoptosis during human development?

Accepted Answer

Formation of webbing between fingers and toes in the womb, which disappears before birth.

Question 10

A cell is observed with two nuclei forming and chromosomes decondensing into chromatin. Which stage is this?

Accepted Answer

Telophase

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why meiosis is important for sexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

It reduces chromosome number by half, allowing genetic variation.

Question 12

If a human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each gamete have after meiosis?

Accepted Answer

23

Question 13

Which event during meiosis increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Crossing-over

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with Down syndrome, which is caused by an extra chromosome 21. This is most likely due to an error in which process?

Accepted Answer

Non-disjunction during anaphase of meiosis

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the number of possible gamete combinations due to independent assortment, where $$n is $$the number of unique chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

$$2^n$$

Question 16

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into any cell type in the body?

Accepted Answer

Embryonic stem cell

Question 17

Which of the following best describes cellular differentiation?

Accepted Answer

The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.

Question 18

A researcher is studying a tissue sample and observes cells that are not dividing but are still metabolically active. Which phase are these cells most likely in?

Accepted Answer

G0 phase

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a reason why cells undergo mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Production of gametes

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why multicellular organisms need cell specialization?

Accepted Answer

To allow different cells to perform specific functions necessary for survival.

Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis, and Cellular Differentiation: Study Notes for General Biology

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