$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

$$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following structures is found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Central vacuole; storing water and maintaining cell pressure

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the plasma membrane of a cell?

Accepted Answer

A double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins

Question 3

Which process moves substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration and requires energy?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 4

What is the correct sequence of events in the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 5

Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the cell’s ATP through aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 6

A mutation in a proto-oncogene results in an oncogene. What is the likely consequence for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will undergo uncontrolled division

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the overall reaction for cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6	ext{CO}_2 + 6	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Finishing, sorting, and shipping cell products

Question 9

If a cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell, what will happen to the cell due to osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink

Question 10

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to reduce your risk of developing cancer, according to biological mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Engaging in regular physical activity

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why muscle cells cannot run for long on fermentation alone?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation produces much less ATP than aerobic respiration

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, prokaryotic cells do not

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of tumor suppressor genes?

Accepted Answer

They inhibit cell division and prevent uncontrolled growth

Question 14

A scientist observes a cell with a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. What type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a stage of aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 16

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of large molecules through membrane proteins from high to low concentration without energy

Question 17

Which of the following is a by-product of yeast fermentation that causes beer to be carbonated?

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide ($$CO_2)$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of lysosomes in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Digesting and recycling cellular waste

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why exercise can reduce cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

Exercise keeps the immune system functioning effectively

Question 20

Which of the following is true about the sodium-potassium pump in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

It requires energy to move ions against their concentration gradients

Cells Out of Control: Structure, Function, and Regulation in General Biology

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