$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + \text{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, while prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus.

Question 2

Which process is responsible for the majority of ATP production during aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 3

A metabolic pathway is regulated by feedback inhibition. Which of the following best describes this process?

Accepted Answer

The end product of the pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the overall reaction for aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 5

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$\mathrm{O_2$})$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why fats yield more ATP per gram than carbohydrates during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Fats have more nonpolar C-H bonds, which store more potential energy.

Question 7

A poison that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain will most directly inhibit which process?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct description of substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

ATP is produced directly by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It acts as an electron carrier, accepting electrons during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Question 10

Which of the following is a real-world example of competitive inhibition?

Accepted Answer

A molecule structurally similar to the substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme, preventing the actual substrate from binding.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is correct?

Accepted Answer

It produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2 as energy carriers.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why lactic acid fermentation occurs in human muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

It allows glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD+ when oxygen is scarce.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal tissues?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support and anchors cells in place.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support, organizes the cell, and enables movement.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules using ATP and NADPH.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why C4 and CAM plants are adapted to hot, dry environments?

Accepted Answer

They use alternative pathways to concentrate CO2 and minimize photorespiration.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Electrons flow from water to NADP+ via photosystems II and I.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of Rubisco in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

It catalyzes the fixation of CO2 to RuBP.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of signal amplification in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

A single hormone molecule triggers the activation of many intracellular enzymes, leading to a large cellular response.

Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Cell Structure: Study Notes for General Biology

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