{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q1. What are the four classes of organic compounds in organisms and which ones are polymers?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Biological Macromolecules"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the main types of organic compounds found in living organisms and which of these are considered polymers."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Polymer: A large molecule made up of repeating subunits (monomers)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monomer: The basic building block of a polymer."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organic compound: Molecules containing carbon, typically found in living things."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List the four main classes of organic compounds found in organisms."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify which of these classes are considered polymers (made of repeating monomers)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about the structural differences between polymers and non-polymers."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Review examples of each class to reinforce your understanding."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The four classes of organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers; lipids are not true polymers."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Polymers are made of repeating monomers, while lipids are assembled from smaller molecules but do not form long chains of repeating units."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q2. What are the monomers that make up each class of polymers and what elements are in each monomer?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Monomers and Elements in Macromolecules"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the basic building blocks (monomers) for each polymer class and the elements present in those monomers."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monomer: The smallest unit that can join together to form a polymer."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Elements: Atoms such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the three main polymer classes: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the monomer for each class (e.g., monosaccharides for carbohydrates)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List the elements commonly found in each monomer type."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider the chemical formulas or structures for each monomer to help identify the elements."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbohydrates: Monomer is monosaccharide (elements: C, H, O)."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Proteins: Monomer is amino acid (elements: C, H, O, N, sometimes S)."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nucleic acids: Monomer is nucleotide (elements: C, H, O, N, P)."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q3. How do monomers get put together and taken apart (be specific on type of reactions involved)?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Polymerization and Depolymerization Reactions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the chemical reactions that join monomers to form polymers and break polymers into monomers."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dehydration reaction (condensation): Joins monomers by removing a water molecule."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define dehydration reaction and explain how it links monomers."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe hydrolysis and how it breaks polymers apart."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider the role of enzymes in facilitating these reactions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about the importance of water in both processes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monomers are joined by dehydration reactions (removal of water), and polymers are broken down by hydrolysis (addition of water). Enzymes catalyze both reactions."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q4. What molecules are considered to be carbohydrates?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Carbohydrate Classification"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to identify which molecules are classified as carbohydrates."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbohydrate: Organic molecule made of C, H, and O, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide: Types of carbohydrates."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the definition of carbohydrates and their general formula."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List examples of molecules that fit this definition."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Distinguish between simple (mono- and disaccharides) and complex (polysaccharides) carbohydrates."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbohydrates include monosaccharides (e.g., glucose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose), and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin)."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q5. What elements are in carbohydrates and what is the ratio of these elements in carbohydrate molecules?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Chemical Composition of Carbohydrates"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the elements present in carbohydrates and their typical ratio."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formula:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"General formula: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{C}_n\\text{H}_{2n}\\text{O}_n"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the three elements found in carbohydrates."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the general formula for carbohydrates."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Determine the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen to carbon in the formula."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a 1:2:1 ratio (e.g., glucose: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{12}\\text{O}_6"}},{"type":"text","text":")."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q6. Relate monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Types of Carbohydrates"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the relationship between different types of carbohydrates."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monosaccharide: Single sugar unit."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Disaccharide: Two monosaccharides joined together."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Polysaccharide: Many monosaccharides linked together."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define each term: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how monosaccharides combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider examples of each type."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monosaccharides are single sugar units; disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined; polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q7. How are monosaccharides linked together to form larger carbohydrate molecules?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Formation of Carbohydrate Polymers"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the chemical bonds and reactions involved in forming larger carbohydrates."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formula:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glycosidic linkage: Covalent bond joining two monosaccharides."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dehydration reaction: Removes water to form the bond."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the type of bond formed between monosaccharides."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the reaction that forms this bond."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider the role of enzymes in facilitating the reaction."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic linkages formed through dehydration reactions, with enzymes catalyzing the process."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q8. How do the structures of glycogen, cellulose, starch, and chitin vary and how does this relate to the functions of these molecules?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Structure and Function of Polysaccharides"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to compare the structural differences among major polysaccharides and relate them to their biological functions."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glycogen: Branched glucose polymer (animal storage)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cellulose: Linear glucose polymer (plant structure)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Starch: Coiled glucose polymer (plant storage)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chitin: Polymer with nitrogen-containing groups (exoskeletons)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the structure of each polysaccharide (branching, linkage type)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how these structural features affect their function (storage vs. structural)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider examples of where each is found in nature."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glycogen is highly branched for rapid energy release; cellulose is linear and forms strong fibers for plant structure; starch is coiled for energy storage in plants; chitin has nitrogen groups and forms tough exoskeletons."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q9. Why are lipids not true polymers and what molecules are their building blocks?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Lipid Structure"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of why lipids are not considered polymers and what their basic components are."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lipid: Hydrophobic organic molecule."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fatty acid, glycerol: Building blocks of many lipids."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the definition of a polymer and why lipids do not fit this definition."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the main building blocks of lipids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider the structure of fats, phospholipids, and steroids."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lipids are not true polymers because they are not made of repeating monomers; their building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q10. What elements are in lipids and what is the ratio of these elements in lipid molecules?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Lipid Composition"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the elements found in lipids and their typical ratios."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the elements present in lipids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compare the ratio of these elements to that found in carbohydrates."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider the structure of fatty acids and triglycerides."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but have a much higher ratio of hydrogen to oxygen than carbohydrates."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q11. What are the 3 most biologically important categories of lipids and the general structures of each?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Lipid Types and Structures"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the main types of lipids and their structural features."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fats (triglycerides): Glycerol + 3 fatty acids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Phospholipids: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Steroids: Four fused carbon rings."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List the three main categories of lipids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the general structure of each type."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider the biological roles of each lipid type."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The three main categories are fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and steroids. Fats have a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids; phospholipids have a glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group; steroids have four fused carbon rings."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q12. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat and how does this affect the properties of each (how do double bonds change the molecule)?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Fatty Acid Structure and Properties"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated fats and how these differences affect their properties."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Saturated fat: No double bonds in fatty acid chains."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Unsaturated fat: One or more double bonds in fatty acid chains."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Trans fat: Unsaturated fat with trans double bonds."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define saturated and unsaturated fats based on their chemical structure."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how double bonds affect the shape of the molecule."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Discuss how these structural differences influence physical properties (e.g., solid vs. liquid at room temperature)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Saturated fats have no double bonds and are straight, making them solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have double bonds causing bends, making them liquid at room temperature."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q13. What are the functions of the fats, phospholipids, and steroids in organisms?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Lipid Functions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the roles played by different types of lipids in living organisms."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fats: Energy storage, insulation."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Phospholipids: Cell membrane structure."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Steroids: Hormones, membrane structure."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List the main functions of fats in organisms."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the role of phospholipids in cell membranes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain the functions of steroids, such as hormones."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fats store energy and provide insulation; phospholipids form cell membranes; steroids act as hormones and contribute to membrane structure."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q14. What are the various functions of proteins in organisms?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Protein Functions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the diverse roles proteins play in living organisms."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins, signaling proteins, defense proteins."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List several functions proteins perform in cells and organisms."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Provide examples of proteins for each function."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider how protein structure relates to function."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Proteins function as enzymes, structural components, transporters, signaling molecules, and defense agents (antibodies)."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q15. How do enzymes act like catalysts?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Enzyme Function"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how enzymes speed up chemical reactions in biological systems."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Catalyst: Substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Enzyme: Protein that acts as a biological catalyst."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define what a catalyst is and how enzymes fit this definition."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how enzymes lower activation energy for reactions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider the specificity of enzymes for their substrates."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Enzymes act as catalysts by lowering the activation energy of reactions, speeding them up without being consumed."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q16. What are the monomers for proteins, then distinguish between a polypeptide and a protein?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Protein Structure"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of protein building blocks and the difference between polypeptides and proteins."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amino acid: Monomer of proteins."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Polypeptide: Chain of amino acids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Protein: One or more polypeptides folded into a functional shape."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the monomer for proteins."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define polypeptide and protein."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how polypeptides become functional proteins."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amino acids are the monomers; a polypeptide is a chain of amino acids, while a protein is a functional molecule formed from one or more polypeptides."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q17. What is common to all amino acids and what is different for each in terms of their molecular structure?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Amino Acid Structure"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the similarities and differences among amino acids."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formula:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Common structure: Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Variable group: R group (side chain)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the basic structure shared by all amino acids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the part of the molecule that varies between amino acids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider how the R group affects properties and function."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"All amino acids have a central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, and hydrogen; the R group (side chain) differs for each, determining their properties."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q18. How does a protein’s structure determine its function?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Structure-Function Relationship in Proteins"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how the shape of a protein affects what it does in the cell."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Active site, binding site."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how the sequence of amino acids determines protein folding."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe how folding creates specific shapes and sites for function."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider examples of proteins whose function depends on their shape."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"A protein’s structure determines its function by creating specific shapes and sites for interaction; changes in structure can alter or destroy function."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q19. What are the 4 levels of protein structure; be able to describe each?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Protein Structure Levels"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the hierarchical organization of protein structure."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Primary: Sequence of amino acids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Secondary: Alpha helix, beta sheet (hydrogen bonding)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tertiary: 3D folding (interactions among side chains)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Quaternary: Multiple polypeptides assembled."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List the four levels of protein structure."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the features of each level."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider examples of proteins with quaternary structure."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Primary: amino acid sequence; secondary: alpha helix/beta sheet; tertiary: 3D folding; quaternary: multiple polypeptides."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q20. What is denaturation, what are causes of it and how can changing a protein lead to diseases such as sickle cell disease?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Protein Denaturation and Disease"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how protein structure can be disrupted and the consequences for function and health."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Denaturation: Loss of protein structure."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Causes: Heat, pH, chemicals."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sickle cell disease: Example of disease caused by altered protein structure."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define denaturation and its effects on protein function."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List common causes of denaturation."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how changes in protein structure can lead to disease."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Denaturation is the loss of protein structure, caused by heat, pH, or chemicals; changes in structure can cause diseases like sickle cell by altering function."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q21. How are chaperonins involved in protein structure?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Protein Folding and Chaperonins"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the role of chaperonins in helping proteins fold correctly."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chaperonin: Protein complex that assists in folding other proteins."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define chaperonins and their function."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain why proper folding is important for protein function."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider what happens if proteins do not fold correctly."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chaperonins help proteins fold correctly, preventing misfolding and loss of function."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q22. What are the monomers of nucleic acids, describe how they are linked together?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the building blocks of nucleic acids and how they form polymers."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formula:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nucleotide: Monomer of nucleic acids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Phosphodiester bond: Linkage between nucleotides."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the monomer for nucleic acids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the bond that links nucleotides together."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider the directionality of nucleic acid chains (5' to 3')."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds between the 5' and 3' carbons of the sugar."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q23. What is DNA? RNA? What are their functions? How are they similar and different?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: DNA and RNA Structure and Function"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA, and their roles in cells."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"RNA: Ribonucleic acid."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Function: Genetic information storage and transfer."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define DNA and RNA and their functions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compare their structures (sugar, bases, strands)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List similarities and differences."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DNA stores genetic information; RNA transfers and helps express it. DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose; RNA is single-stranded with ribose. Both have similar bases but differ in thymine (DNA) vs. uracil (RNA)."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q24. Contrast pyrimidines and purines, which bases fit into which category?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Nitrogenous Bases in Nucleic Acids"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the two types of nitrogenous bases and which bases belong to each group."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pyrimidine: Single ring structure."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Purine: Double ring structure."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define pyrimidines and purines based on their structure."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List the bases that are pyrimidines and those that are purines."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider their role in DNA and RNA."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil; purines: adenine, guanine."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q25. Draw and describe a double helix, what does antiparallel refer to on a DNA molecule?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: DNA Structure"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the physical structure of DNA and the concept of antiparallel strands."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Double helix: Two intertwined strands."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Antiparallel: Strands run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the double helix structure of DNA."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain what antiparallel means in the context of DNA strands."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider how base pairing occurs between the strands."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DNA is a double helix with two strands running in opposite directions (antiparallel), allowing complementary base pairing."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q26. What are complimentary bases, know which pairs with which?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Base Pairing in DNA and RNA"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of which bases pair together in nucleic acids."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Complementary bases: Bases that pair via hydrogen bonds."}]}]}]},{"type":"