Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process by which monomers are joined to form polymers in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

By dehydration reaction, which removes a water molecule to form a new bond between monomers.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a polymer?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the structure of their glycogen. Which of the following is most likely to be impaired as a result?

Accepted Answer

Long-term energy storage in animal cells

Question 4

Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is correct?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio, as in $$C_6H_{12}O_6$.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why lipids are not considered true polymers?

Accepted Answer

Lipids are not made from repeating monomer units joined by covalent bonds.

Question 6

A food scientist is analyzing two types of fats. Fat A is solid at room temperature, while Fat B is liquid. Which of the following best explains the difference?

Accepted Answer

Fat A is likely saturated, with no double bonds in its fatty acid chains, allowing tight packing.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of phospholipids in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails, forming bilayers that make up cell membranes.

Question 8

A mutation causes a single amino acid substitution in the primary structure of hemoglobin. Which of the following is a possible consequence?

Accepted Answer

The protein may misfold, leading to diseases such as sickle cell anemia.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?

Accepted Answer

A polypeptide is a linear chain of amino acids, while a protein is one or more polypeptides folded into a functional shape.

Question 10

Which of the following levels of protein structure is primarily stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms, such as in alpha helices and beta sheets?

Accepted Answer

Secondary structure

Question 11

A laboratory experiment exposes a protein to high heat, causing it to lose its shape and function. This process is called:

Accepted Answer

Denaturation

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of chaperonins in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They assist in the proper folding of newly synthesized polypeptides.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotide monomers linked by phosphodiester bonds.

Question 14

Which of the following correctly pairs a pyrimidine with a purine in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Cytosine (pyrimidine) pairs with guanine (purine)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the antiparallel nature of DNA?

Accepted Answer

The two strands run in opposite directions, with one running 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.

Question 16

A scientist is comparing DNA and RNA molecules. Which of the following is a difference between them?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why cellulose can provide structural support in plant cell walls, but starch cannot?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose has $$\beta-1$$,4 glycosidic linkages, resulting in straight, rigid fibers, while starch has $$\alpha-1$$,4 linkages, resulting in helical, flexible chains.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes a dehydration reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction in which two monomers are joined by removing a molecule of water: $$A-OH + B-H \rightarrow A-B + H_2O$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of steroids in organisms?

Accepted Answer

Steroids act as hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, regulating physiological processes.

Question 20

A patient is found to have a deficiency in the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose. Which type of reaction is catalyzed by lactase?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis, which adds water to break the glycosidic bond in lactose.

Chapter 5 Study Guide: Biological Macromolecules and Their Structure

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