Q: During cellular respiration, what is the overall balanced chemical equation for the breakdown of glucose?

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6 O_2$ \rightarrow 6 CO_2$ + 6 H_2O + ATP + \text{heat}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A double layer of phospholipids with proteins floating within and on the layer, allowing for selective permeability.

Question 2

Which molecules can diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of transport proteins?

Accepted Answer

Small nonpolar molecules such as $$O_2$$ and $$CO_2$$

Question 3

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst. Which term best describes the solution?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 4

Which process requires energy input from ATP to move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 5

During cellular respiration, what is the overall balanced chemical equation for the breakdown of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6 O_2$ ightarrow 6 CO_2$ + 6 H_2O + ATP + 	ext{heat}$$

Question 6

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)

Question 7

What is the primary function of the enzyme ATP synthase in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

To catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP using the energy from a proton gradient

Question 8

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy barrier, allowing reactions to proceed more rapidly.

Question 9

In the absence of oxygen, how do muscle cells continue to produce ATP?

Accepted Answer

By lactic acid fermentation, which regenerates $$NAD^+$$ for glycolysis

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why fats yield more ATP per gram than carbohydrates during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Fats are broken down into acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle and produces more reduced electron carriers.

Question 11

Which event occurs during prophase of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and spindle microtubules begin to form.

Question 12

What is the result of meiosis in humans?

Accepted Answer

Four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell and each other

Question 13

Which process during meiosis increases genetic diversity by exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during prophase I

Question 14

According to Mendel’s law of segregation, what happens to alleles during gamete formation?

Accepted Answer

The two alleles for a gene separate, so each gamete receives only one allele.

Question 15

A heterozygous plant with genotype Pp is crossed with a homozygous recessive plant (pp). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring if purple (P) is dominant to white (p)?

Accepted Answer

1 purple : 1 white

Question 16

Which of the following best describes incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

The heterozygote’s phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygotes.

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct product of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

ATP and NADPH

Question 18

What is the role of RuBisCO in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

It attaches $$CO_2 to $$RuBP, initiating carbon fixation.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why cyanide is a deadly poison at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits the electron transport chain, preventing ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation.

Chapter 5: The Working Cell – Membranes, Energy, and Enzymes (Study Notes)

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