Q: What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

The first image shows a virus attached to a bacterial cell. Which experiment used viruses like this to demonstrate that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Hershey and Chase's radioactive labeling experiment

Question 2

The second image is known as 'Photo 51.' What critical information did this image provide for understanding DNA structure?

Accepted Answer

It revealed the double helix structure of DNA

Question 3

Which scientist(s) used the information from 'Photo 51' to help build the first accurate model of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Watson and Crick

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA as revealed by Watson and Crick?

Accepted Answer

A double helix with antiparallel strands and complementary base pairing

Question 5

Which chemical group is found at the 5' end of a DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group ($$-PO_4$^{2-})$$

Question 6

If a mutation deletes a single DNA base, what is the most likely effect on the resulting protein?

Accepted Answer

The reading frame will shift, potentially altering every amino acid after the mutation

Question 7

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 8

Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Ligase

Question 9

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is correct?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is nearly universal among all organisms

Question 11

What is the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It brings amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon

Question 12

Which process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Post-transcriptional modification (such as mRNA splicing)

Question 13

A mutation changes a codon from UAU to UAA. What is the likely result?

Accepted Answer

A premature stop codon, leading to a truncated protein

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why deleting three DNA bases is less disruptive than deleting one?

Accepted Answer

Deleting three bases removes one amino acid but preserves the reading frame

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world application of the universality of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Expressing a jellyfish gene in a pig to make it glow

Question 16

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 17

What is the role of the promoter region in a gene?

Accepted Answer

It is the binding site for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of DNA ligase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It joins together Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

Question 19

Which of the following is true about the coding sequence of the human genome?

Accepted Answer

It makes up about 1% of the genome

Question 20

Which process is responsible for correcting errors that occur during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Nuclease, DNA polymerase, and ligase working together

DNA Structure, Replication, and the Central Dogma: Study Notes for General Biology

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