Question 1

Which of the following best describes the focus of ecosystem ecology?

Accepted Answer

The emphasis on energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and their environment

Question 2

A tiny frog species is discovered in Papua New Guinea. Which factor would NOT directly limit its geographic distribution?

Accepted Answer

The frog’s evolutionary history unrelated to its current environment

Question 3

Which equation best represents the relationship between temperature drop and elevation increase in mountainous regions?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta T = -6 \cdot \frac{\Delta h}{1000}$$

Question 4

Which biome is characterized by high year-round temperatures, vertical layering, and the highest animal diversity?

Accepted Answer

Tropical forest

Question 5

What is the primary cause of latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity on Earth?

Accepted Answer

The angle at which sunlight hits Earth's surface

Question 6

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of global climate change for species with limited dispersal ability?

Accepted Answer

Reduction in range size or extinction

Question 7

A climograph plots which two variables to help characterize terrestrial biomes?

Accepted Answer

Annual mean temperature and precipitation

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution in biomes?

Accepted Answer

Cacti in North America and euphorbs in African deserts

Question 9

Which aquatic zone receives sufficient light for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Photic zone

Question 10

What is the effect of seasonal turnover in lakes?

Accepted Answer

It mixes oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient-rich water from the bottom

Question 11

Which equation best describes the relationship between salt concentration and osmosis in aquatic organisms?

Accepted Answer

$$\Psi = -iCRT$$

Question 12

Which biome is maintained by frequent fires that kill woody plants and allow grasses to dominate?

Accepted Answer

Savanna

Question 13

Which factor is most likely to limit the distribution of a saguaro cactus in North America?

Accepted Answer

Temperature below freezing

Question 14

Which of the following is a major physical component of climate?

Accepted Answer

Precipitation

Question 15

Which aquatic biome is characterized by high productivity, variable salinity, and a complex network of tidal channels?

Accepted Answer

Estuaries

Question 16

Which of the following is a plausible effect of human-induced nutrient enrichment in lakes?

Accepted Answer

Algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish kills

Question 17

Which equation would best represent the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic environments as a function of light intensity?

Accepted Answer

$$P = kI$$

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a biotic factor affecting the distribution of organisms?

Accepted Answer

Salinity

Question 19

Which biome is characterized by permafrost, herbaceous vegetation, and low annual precipitation?

Accepted Answer

Tundra

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the reciprocal effects of ecological and evolutionary change?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary change can affect ecological processes, and vice versa

Ecology and the Biosphere: Structure, Climate, and Biomes

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