Question 1

Which of the following best explains why only about 10% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level in an ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

Most of the energy is used for metabolic processes or lost as heat.

Question 2

A grassland ecosystem has 10,000 kg of plant biomass. According to the 10% rule, approximately how much biomass of secondary consumers could be supported?

Accepted Answer

$$100\ 	ext{kg}$$

Question 3

Which of the following organisms is a detritivore and what is its ecological role?

Accepted Answer

Earthworm; converts dead organic matter into inorganic nutrients for recycling.

Question 4

Net primary productivity (NPP) in terrestrial ecosystems is highest under which combination of conditions?

Accepted Answer

High temperature and moderate to high precipitation (up to 2400 mm/year).

Question 5

Why does terrestrial NPP decrease when precipitation exceeds 2400 mm/year?

Accepted Answer

Excess water leads to saturated soils, reducing oxygen availability and increasing cloud cover, which limits sunlight.

Question 6

Which process in the carbon cycle is responsible for converting atmospheric $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ into organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 7

A lake experiences a sudden increase in nutrient runoff from nearby farms. What is the most likely ecological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Eutrophication, leading to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soil fertility?

Accepted Answer

CEC measures the soil's ability to hold positively charged ions, which are essential nutrients for plants.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a factor that regulates soil character?

Accepted Answer

Amount of sunlight received by the soil surface.

Question 10

In the water cycle, which process is responsible for the movement of water from plant leaves to the atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

Transpiration

Question 11

Which aquatic zone is most likely to have the highest primary productivity in a lake?

Accepted Answer

Littoral zone

Question 12

Why is marine net primary productivity (NPP) highest near coastlines?

Accepted Answer

Nutrient runoff from land and upwelling of nutrient-rich water support high rates of photosynthesis.

Question 13

A region with soils low in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is likely to have which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Low net primary productivity due to limited plant growth.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration in the carbon cycle?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis removes $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ from the atmosphere, while respiration returns $$\mathrm{CO_2$} to $$the atmosphere.

Question 15

If a food web is disrupted by the removal of all primary consumers, what is the most likely immediate effect?

Accepted Answer

An increase in producer biomass and a decrease in secondary consumer populations.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why upwelling zones in the ocean are areas of high productivity?

Accepted Answer

Upwelling brings nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean to the surface, supporting phytoplankton growth.

Question 17

A soil sample has a high cation exchange capacity (CEC). Which of the following is most likely true about this soil?

Accepted Answer

It can retain more essential nutrients for plant uptake.

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct result of human activity on soil character?

Accepted Answer

Decreased soil fertility due to overexploitation and nutrient depletion.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of eutrophication in aquatic systems?

Accepted Answer

Nutrient enrichment leads to algal blooms, which deplete oxygen and harm aquatic life.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence of trophic levels in a typical food chain, from lowest to highest?

Accepted Answer

Producers → Primary consumers → Secondary consumers → Tertiary consumers

Ecosystem Ecology, Trophic Levels, Biomass Transfer, Nutrient Cycles, NPP, Aquatic Zones, Water Cycle, and Soil

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