Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from CTC to CAC in the β-globin gene. Using the codon table, what effect does this have on the protein product?

Accepted Answer

It results in a missense mutation, changing glutamic acid to valine.

Question 3

During transcription, which strand of DNA is used as the template for RNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

The template strand

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is correct?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is redundant but not ambiguous.

Question 5

A frameshift mutation occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A nucleotide is inserted or deleted, altering the reading frame.

Question 6

Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 7

In eukaryotic cells, what modification occurs to pre-mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a 5' cap and a poly-A tail, and removal of introns

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why albino donkeys have a different phenotype from normal donkeys?

Accepted Answer

They have a mutation in a gene that affects protein synthesis, resulting in altered pigment production.

Question 9

If a DNA template strand has the sequence 5'-TACGGT-3', what is the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$5'	ext{AUGCCA}\ 3'$$

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of introns in eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

Encoding amino acid sequences in the final protein

Question 11

A mutation changes a codon from UAU (tyrosine) to UAA. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 12

Which of the following statements about translation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Translation uses mRNA as a template to synthesize polypeptides.

Question 13

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes a missense mutation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation that changes a codon to encode a different amino acid

Question 15

Which of the following is a consequence of alternative RNA splicing?

Accepted Answer

A single gene can produce multiple polypeptides.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes RNA in the 5' to 3' direction.

Question 17

A chemical mutagen causes a nucleotide-pair substitution in a gene. Which of the following outcomes is possible?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in gene editing?

Accepted Answer

It cuts DNA at specific locations guided by RNA.

Question 19

Which of the following is a post-translational modification that can affect protein function?

Accepted Answer

Folding into secondary and tertiary structures

Question 20

If a mutation occurs outside the coding region of a gene, which of the following is a possible effect?

Accepted Answer

It could affect how the gene is expressed.

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein (Chapter 17 Study Notes)

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