$$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6 \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6 \text{CO}_2 + 6 \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

NAD+ functions as an electron carrier, accepting electrons during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

Question 2

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, what is the primary function of the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane?

Accepted Answer

To generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the overall process of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6 	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6 	ext{CO}_2 + 6 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 4

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand.

Question 5

Which enzyme is responsible for relieving the tension ahead of the replication fork during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Topoisomerase

Question 6

In the context of metabolism, which of the following best describes an oxidation reaction?

Accepted Answer

A molecule loses electrons, often accompanied by the loss of hydrogen atoms.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct description of the flow of electrons during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Electrons flow from water to NADP+ to form NADPH.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why Okazaki fragments are formed during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, so the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a product of the Krebs (citric acid) cycle?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the structure of DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

The two strands of DNA are antiparallel.

Question 11

Which process is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate oxidation

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of telomerase in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It extends the ends of linear chromosomes to prevent loss of genetic material.

Question 13

Which of the following is a key difference between RNA and DNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the energy currency of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP contains high-energy phosphate bonds that, when hydrolyzed, release energy for cellular work.

Question 15

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct summary of the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO$$_2$$ into glucose.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about the flow of genetic information in a cell?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the enzyme primase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes short RNA primers needed for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis.

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of a mutation in the gene encoding DNA polymerase proofreading activity?

Accepted Answer

Decreased accuracy of DNA replication, leading to more mutations

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end, so synthesis occurs in short fragments away from the replication fork.

General Biology Study Notes: Metabolism, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Molecular Genetics

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