Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype refers to the observable characteristics.

Question 2

Gregor Mendel’s experiments with pea plants were significant because they:

Accepted Answer

Demonstrated that traits are inherited as discrete units, now known as genes.

Question 3

According to Mendel’s law of segregation, what happens to alleles during gamete formation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one allele.

Question 4

A true-breeding plant with purple flowers (PP) is crossed with a true-breeding plant with white flowers (pp). What is the expected genotype of the F1 generation?

Accepted Answer

Pp

Question 5

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants (RrYy x RrYy), what is the expected phenotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a trait with complex inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Height in humans

Question 7

If a black-coated dog has the genotype Bb, what is the probability that a cross with another Bb dog will produce a brown-coated puppy (bb)?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 8

Which of the following statements about sex-linked (X-linked) recessive disorders is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A female must inherit two copies of the mutant allele to express the disorder.

Question 9

A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia (an X-linked recessive disorder) has children with a man who does not have hemophilia. What is the probability that their son will have hemophilia?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{2}$$

Question 10

Which chromosomal abnormality results from the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I?

Accepted Answer

Nondisjunction

Question 11

A karyotype reveals three copies of chromosome 21 in a human. What is the name of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why identical twins may have different phenotypes for certain traits?

Accepted Answer

Environmental factors can influence gene expression.

Question 13

If a plant with genotype TtPp is self-crossed, what is the probability of obtaining an offspring with genotype ttpp?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{16}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a possible result of altered chromosome structure?

Accepted Answer

Independent assortment

Question 15

According to Chargaff’s law, which of the following is true for a double-stranded DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for different genes assort independently into gametes.

Question 17

A genetic carrier is best described as:

Accepted Answer

An individual who is heterozygous for a recessive genetic disorder but does not show symptoms.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct application of the rule of multiplication in probability?

Accepted Answer

Calculating the probability of getting a round, yellow seed from a dihybrid cross by multiplying the probabilities of each trait.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why males are more likely to express X-linked recessive disorders?

Accepted Answer

Males have only one X chromosome, so a single mutant allele will result in the disorder.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of a trait influenced by both genes and the environment?

Accepted Answer

Height in humans

Mendelian and Complex Genetics: Study Guide

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