Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the observable physical traits.

Question 2

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants (Tt x Tt), what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

$$3:1$$

Question 3

A test cross is performed between an individual with a dominant phenotype and an individual with a homozygous recessive genotype. What is the purpose of this cross?

Accepted Answer

To determine the genotype of the dominant individual.

Question 4

According to Mendel’s law of independent assortment, what happens during the formation of gametes in a dihybrid cross?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

Question 5

If you flip a fair coin 10 times, what percentage of heads would you expect to get?

Accepted Answer

50%

Question 6

Which formula is used to calculate the chi-square ($$\$$chi^2$$) statistic?

Accepted Answer

$$\$$chi^2$$ = \sum \frac{(O_i - E_i)^2$}{E_i}$$

Question 7

In a dihybrid cross (AaBb x AaBb), what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 8

A researcher observes 705 purple-flowered and 224 white-flowered pea plants in an F2 generation. The expected numbers are 696.75 purple and 232.25 white. What is the chi-square value for purple flowers?

Accepted Answer

$$0.0977$$

Question 9

What is the degrees of freedom for a chi-square test comparing two phenotypes?

Accepted Answer

$$N - 1$$

Question 10

If a chi-square test yields $$\$$chi^2$$ = 0.39$$ with 1 degree of freedom, and the critical value at $$p = 0.05 is$$ $$3.84$$, what should you conclude?

Accepted Answer

Accept the null hypothesis; the difference is not significant.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why Mendel’s pea plant experiments were so successful in revealing the basic laws of heredity?

Accepted Answer

He focused on traits controlled by single genes with clear dominant and recessive alleles.

Question 12

A plant with genotype AaBb is crossed with aabb. What proportion of the offspring are expected to have the genotype AaBb?

Accepted Answer

$$1/4$$

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Purple flowers

Question 14

In a real-world medical study, why might a chi-square test be used?

Accepted Answer

To determine if a medication significantly improves disease outcomes compared to a control group.

Question 15

If a plant is homozygous recessive for a trait, which of the following genotypes represents this condition?

Accepted Answer

aa

Question 16

Which of the following best describes Mendel’s law of segregation?

Accepted Answer

Each gene separates so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

Question 17

A dihybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (RrYy x RrYy) produces which expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 18

A scientist observes 929 purple and 224 white flowers in a pea plant experiment. The expected numbers are 705 purple and 448 white. Calculate the chi-square value for the white flowers using $$O = 224$$ and $$E = 448.$$

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{(224 - 448)^2$}{448} = 112.0$$

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a possible gamete produced by an individual with genotype AaBb?

Accepted Answer

Aa

Question 20

In a population, the observed ratio of a dominant to recessive phenotype is 60:40. The expected Mendelian ratio is 3:1. Which statistical test would you use to determine if the difference is significant?

Accepted Answer

Chi-square test

6 Mendelian Genetics and Statistical Analysis in Heredity

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