$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{light energy} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2$$

Question 1

Which pigment is primarily responsible for absorbing blue-violet and red light during photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll a

Question 2

What is the main function of accessory pigments such as carotenoids in plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Absorb and dissipate excessive light energy to protect chlorophyll

Question 3

Beta-carotene, found in carrots and pumpkins, is important for human nutrition because it is converted into which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin A

Question 4

Which pigment is responsible for the deep purple and blue colors seen in some fruits and vegetables, and also attracts pollinators?

Accepted Answer

Anthocyanin

Question 5

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, what is the immediate source of electrons for the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Water ($$H_2O)$$

Question 6

Which structure within the chloroplast is the site where chlorophyll molecules are embedded and light reactions occur?

Accepted Answer

Thylakoid membrane

Question 7

What is the main product of the Calvin cycle that can be used to synthesize glucose?

Accepted Answer

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

Question 8

Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the fixation of carbon dioxide to RuBP in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

RuBisCo

Question 9

During the light reactions, ATP is produced by which process?

Accepted Answer

Chemiosmosis via ATP synthase

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in cellular respiration.

Question 11

If a plant is exposed only to green light, which pigment would absorb the least amount of energy?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll a

Question 12

Which molecule is regenerated in the Calvin cycle to allow the cycle to continue?

Accepted Answer

RuBP

Question 13

What is the main evolutionary significance of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

It is the universal energy-harvesting process of life.

Question 14

Which pigment is most likely responsible for the yellow-orange color seen in autumn leaves?

Accepted Answer

Carotenoids

Question 15

During photosynthesis, which equation best represents the overall process?

Accepted Answer

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 	ext{light energy} ightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2$$

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of mitotic cell division?

Accepted Answer

Produces gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 17

What is the main difference between the electron transport chain in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplasts use light to excite electrons, mitochondria use food.

Question 18

Which pigment is being studied for its potential anti-cancer properties and is found in tomatoes and watermelon?

Accepted Answer

Lycopene

Question 19

Which molecule is produced as a waste product during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 20

What is the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

They provide energy and electrons to form covalent bonds in sugar molecules.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Reproduction: Structure, Function, and Evolutionary Context

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