Q: If a gene has the DNA sequence 5'-ATG GCT TTT GAA TGA-3', what is the corresponding mRNA sequence?

$$5'\text{-}AUG\ GCU\ UUU\ GAA\ UGA\ 3'$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

Question 2

A mutation changes a codon from UAU (tyrosine) to UAA. What type of mutation is this, and what is its likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation; introduces a premature stop codon

Question 3

Which property of the genetic code allows multiple codons to specify the same amino acid?

Accepted Answer

Redundant

Question 4

During translation, which molecule acts as the template for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Question 5

A DNA sequence is mutated by the insertion of a single base. What is the most likely consequence for the resulting protein?

Accepted Answer

A frameshift mutation altering all downstream amino acids

Question 6

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 7

A patient is found to have a chromosomal translocation. Which of the following best describes this mutation?

Accepted Answer

A segment of a chromosome is attached to a different chromosome

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Each codon can code for more than one amino acid

Question 9

If a gene has the DNA sequence 5'-ATG GCT TTT GAA TGA-3', what is the corresponding mRNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

$$5'	ext{-}AUG\ GCU\ UUU\ GAA\ UGA\ 3'$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why a silent mutation does not change the phenotype?

Accepted Answer

It does not change the amino acid sequence due to redundancy in the genetic code

Question 11

A scientist discovers a new virus that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template. Which enzyme is most likely responsible for this process?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a beneficial mutation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a missense mutation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation that changes one amino acid to another

Question 14

A karyotype is most useful for detecting which type of genetic mutation?

Accepted Answer

Chromosome-level mutation

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a possible consequence of a point mutation?

Accepted Answer

Chromosome inversion

Question 16

If a DNA sequence is 5'-TAC GGA TTT CCG ATT-3', what is the amino acid sequence produced after transcription and translation? (Use the genetic code: AUG = Met, GGA = Gly, UUU = Phe, CCG = Pro, AUU = Ile)

Accepted Answer

Met-Gly-Phe-Pro-Ile

Question 17

Which of the following statements about alleles is correct?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of the same gene differ in DNA sequence and may produce proteins with different amino acid sequences

Question 18

A chromosome mutation results in a segment being present in multiple copies. What is this type of mutation called?

Accepted Answer

Duplication

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as 'conservative'?

Accepted Answer

If several codons specify the same amino acid, the first two bases are usually identical

Question 20

A mutation in a regulatory region of DNA that does not code for a protein can still affect phenotype by:

Accepted Answer

Altering gene expression levels

The Central Dogma, Genetic Code, and Mutations: From DNA to Protein and Beyond

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