Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between time-series data and cross-sectional data, as illustrated in the first image?

Accepted Answer

Time-series data involve repeated observations of the same variable over time, while cross-sectional data involve observations of multiple units at a single point in time.

Question 2

A researcher collects data on the number of annual dental visits for each person in a sample. According to the measurement level decision tree (second image), which scale of measurement does this variable use?

Accepted Answer

Ratio scale

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a parameter, as shown in the third image?

Accepted Answer

The mean journey time for all students in the population ($$\mu)$$

Question 4

Suppose you want to compare the comfort level of students traveling to campus, using the categories 'Uncomfortable', 'Neutral', and 'Comfortable'. Which scale of measurement is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Ordinal scale

Question 5

A business analyst wants to estimate the average sales volume for all firms in an industry. She collects data from a random sample of 30 firms. In this context, what is the population?

Accepted Answer

All firms in the industry

Question 6

Which of the following is a source of bias in sampling?

Accepted Answer

Surveying only students who live in a dormitory next to campus

Question 7

Which of the following variables is discrete?

Accepted Answer

Number of campus visits in a week

Question 8

A survey asks students to rate their dorm food as 1 (Very Poor), 2, 3, 4, or 5 (Very Good). According to the measurement level decision tree, what is the scale of measurement?

Accepted Answer

Interval scale

Question 9

Which sampling method involves dividing the population into nonoverlapping groups and randomly selecting entire groups for inclusion?

Accepted Answer

One-stage cluster sampling

Question 10

If a sample mean is $$\bar{x} = 32$$ minutes and the population mean is $$\mu = 30$$ minutes, what is the sampling error?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$ minutes

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a data quality check described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Randomness

Question 12

A researcher uses a parking-permit list to select students for a travel survey. What is a potential problem with this sampling frame?

Accepted Answer

It may exclude students without parking permits, leading to incomplete coverage.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a statistic?

Accepted Answer

A numerical summary calculated from a sample

Question 14

Which sampling method is most appropriate if you want to ensure that students from every academic program are included in your sample?

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of nonprobability sampling?

Accepted Answer

Deliberately choosing regular bus users for interviews

Question 16

A dataset contains the number of books borrowed at three libraries each week for three weeks. What type of data is this?

Accepted Answer

Panel data

Question 17

Which of the following is a valid reason for using sampling instead of a census?

Accepted Answer

Sampling saves time and cost compared to a census.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of structured data?

Accepted Answer

A table with columns for travel mode, journey time, and comfort

Question 19

A survey question asks, 'Bus travel is inconvenient, isn’t it?' What type of bias might this introduce?

Accepted Answer

Question wording bias

Question 20

Which of the following best describes systematic sampling?

Accepted Answer

Selecting every nth unit from a list after a random start

Foundations of Data Collection and Sampling in Business Statistics

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