Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides a rapid, non-specific response to pathogens, while adaptive immunity is slower but highly specific and has memory.

Question 2

Which historical figure is credited with the first deliberate induction of immunity using cowpox to protect against smallpox?

Accepted Answer

Edward Jenner

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic attribute of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Immediate response to infection

Question 4

A patient is infected with a virus that reduces the expression of class I MHC molecules on host cells. Which immune cell type is most likely to recognize and kill these infected cells?

Accepted Answer

Natural killer (NK) cells

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the clonal selection theory?

Accepted Answer

Each lymphocyte expresses a unique receptor before antigen exposure, and antigen binding stimulates proliferation of that specific clone.

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of C-reactive protein during the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

It binds to bacterial and fungal cell wall components, activating complement and enhancing phagocytosis.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the process of antigen presentation to T helper (TH) cells?

Accepted Answer

Antigen is presented by class II MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

Question 8

A child is born with a genetic defect that prevents the production of all immunoglobulin classes. Which branch of the immune system will be most severely affected?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity

Question 9

Which of the following events is NOT a classic feature of the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Clonal expansion of B cells

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They recognize conserved microbial molecules and trigger immune responses.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in phagocytosis by a macrophage?

Accepted Answer

Attachment → Formation of phagosome → Fusion with lysosome → Digestion → Release of products

Question 12

Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Thymus

Question 13

A patient receives a kidney transplant and is given immunosuppressive drugs. Which immune complication is most likely to be suppressed by these drugs?

Accepted Answer

Graft rejection mediated by T cells

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why secondary immune responses are faster and stronger than primary responses?

Accepted Answer

Memory lymphocytes generated during the primary response respond more rapidly and in greater numbers upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the complement system in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Lysing microorganisms or facilitating their phagocytosis

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of M cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

Accepted Answer

They transport antigens from the lumen to underlying immune cells, initiating immune responses.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the function of dendritic cells?

Accepted Answer

They are potent antigen-presenting cells that activate T helper cells.

Question 18

Which of the following is a likely consequence of a genetic defect that prevents apoptosis in lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Development of lymphomas due to uncontrolled lymphocyte proliferation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the spleen in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood, traps blood-borne antigens, and initiates immune responses to systemic infections.

Comprehensive Study Notes: Overview of the Immune System and Cells & Organs of Immunity

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