Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity produces antibodies to combat antigens outside cells, while cellular immunity uses T cells to target antigens inside cells.

Question 2

A patient receives an injection of antibodies after exposure to rabies. What type of adaptive immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 3

Which of the following statements about antigens is correct?

Accepted Answer

Antigens are substances that cause the production of antibodies and usually have multiple epitopes.

Question 4

What is the primary function of the Fc region of an antibody?

Accepted Answer

Determining the class of the antibody and interacting with immune cells

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why a secondary immune response is faster and more effective than a primary response?

Accepted Answer

Memory cells generated during the primary response are quickly activated upon re-exposure to the antigen.

Question 6

Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for the initial response to an antigen and is the first antibody produced?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 7

A hapten can become immunogenic when:

Accepted Answer

It binds to a carrier molecule, forming a complete antigen.

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of interleukins?

Accepted Answer

Cytokine signaling between leukocytes

Question 9

What is the role of MHC class I molecules in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

They present endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells (CD8+).

Question 10

Which process describes the elimination of B cells that may react against self-antigens during development?

Accepted Answer

Clonal deletion

Question 11

A patient with a parasitic worm infection shows elevated levels of IgE and eosinophils. Which T helper cell subset is most likely activated?

Accepted Answer

TH2

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a result of antigen–antibody binding?

Accepted Answer

Production of cytokines by B cells

Question 13

Which cell type is responsible for killing virus-infected cells by releasing perforin and granzymes?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of natural killer (NK) cells?

Accepted Answer

They destroy cells that do not express MHC class I self-antigens.

Question 15

A child receives antibodies from her mother through breast milk. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the activation of a B cell by a T-dependent antigen?

Accepted Answer

B cell binds antigen → B cell presents antigen on MHC II → T helper cell recognizes antigen → T helper cell releases cytokines → B cell proliferates

Question 17

Which outcome of antigen–antibody binding involves coating a pathogen to enhance its uptake and destruction by phagocytes?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization

Question 18

Which cytokine is primarily produced by TH17 cells and is associated with inflammation and recruitment of neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

IL-17

Question 19

What is the main function of T regulatory (Treg) cells?

Accepted Answer

Suppress immune responses against self-antigens and maintain tolerance

Question 20

Which of the following best describes apoptosis as it relates to cytotoxic T cell activity?

Accepted Answer

It is programmed cell death that prevents the spread of viruses by destroying infected cells.

Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host – Study Notes

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