Question 1

Which hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies and does NOT involve complement activation?

Accepted Answer

Type I hypersensitivity

Question 2

A patient experiences widespread urticaria, angioedema, and hypotension after a bee sting. Which molecule released from mast cells is most responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Question 3

During a blood transfusion, a patient with type O blood receives type A blood. Which immune mechanism is responsible for the hemolysis observed?

Accepted Answer

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

Question 4

Which of the following is a key difference between Type II and Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

Accepted Answer

Type II targets cell or tissue antigens, while Type III involves immune complexes precipitating in capillaries.

Question 5

A child presents with severe jaundice and anemia shortly after birth. The mother is Rh- and the child is Rh+. Which immunological process is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Maternal IgG antibodies reacting with fetal Rh antigen

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of epinephrine in treating anaphylaxis?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine inhibits mast cell and basophil degranulation, reducing histamine release

Question 7

Which equation best represents the relationship between blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) during anaphylactic shock?

Accepted Answer

$$BP = CO 	imes PVR$$

Question 8

A patient develops joint pain, skin rash, and kidney dysfunction after receiving a vaccine. Which hypersensitivity reaction is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Type III hypersensitivity

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of histamine (H1) release during an allergic reaction?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate

Question 10

Which immune cell is primarily responsible for the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction seen in contact dermatitis?

Accepted Answer

Tc cell (cytotoxic T cell)

Question 11

A patient with HIV has a CD4 count of 150 cells/μL. Which of the following complications is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why antibodies produced during HIV infection are not protective?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies are produced against a decoy antigen

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

Accepted Answer

Contact dermatitis from poison ivy

Question 14

Which of the following is the most effective prevention for hemolytic disease of the newborn in an Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus?

Accepted Answer

Administration of Rhogam to neutralize fetal Rh antigen

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

Production of auto-antibodies against self antigens

Question 16

A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) develops multi-organ dysfunction. Which immunological mechanism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Auto-antibodies against DNA form immune complexes that precipitate in tissues

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of allergic asthma?

Accepted Answer

IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation leads to bronchoconstriction and mucus production

Question 18

Which of the following is a plausible reason for cross-sensitivity between penicillins and cephalosporins?

Accepted Answer

Both drugs contain similar antigenic structures

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the calculation of viral load in HIV monitoring?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Viral Load} = \frac{	ext{Number of HIV RNA copies}}{	ext{mL of blood}}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a key step in the life cycle of HIV that allows the virus to remain dormant in host cells?

Accepted Answer

Integration of viral DNA into the host genome

Altered Immunity and Immune Response: Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity, and Immunodeficiency

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