Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between humans and their gut microbiota?

Accepted Answer

A mutualistic relationship, where both humans and microbes benefit.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a step in Koch’s postulates?

Accepted Answer

The pathogen must be shown to be resistant to antibiotics.

Question 3

A hospital patient develops pneumonia after being admitted for a broken leg. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A nosocomial infection.

Question 4

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the composition of the human microbiome?

Accepted Answer

Blood type

Question 5

A disease that is constantly present in a population is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Endemic

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why Koch’s postulates cannot always be used to identify the cause of a disease like COVID-19?

Accepted Answer

All of the above.

Question 7

Calculate the incidence proportion of influenza in a dorm of 200 students if 42 new cases are reported in one month.

Accepted Answer

$$Incidence = \frac{42}{200} = 0.21$$

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of microbial antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Normal microbiota producing substances that inhibit invading pathogens.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct definition of 'prevalence'?

Accepted Answer

The proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given time period.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a mode of indirect disease transmission?

Accepted Answer

Direct contact transmission

Question 11

A patient is infected with a virus but shows no noticeable signs or symptoms. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A subclinical disease.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes herd immunity?

Accepted Answer

Immunity in most of a population, reducing the spread of disease.

Question 13

Which of the following is a predisposing factor that can make the body more susceptible to disease?

Accepted Answer

All of the above.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?

Accepted Answer

Rabies virus transmitted from a dog to a human.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the period of illness in the development of disease?

Accepted Answer

The disease is most severe.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct match between disease and its reservoir?

Accepted Answer

Plague; rodents and fleas.

Question 17

Which of the following is a likely consequence of global warming on vector-borne diseases?

Accepted Answer

Increased prevalence of vector-borne diseases due to expanded range of insect vectors.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a standard precaution for controlling healthcare-associated infections?

Accepted Answer

Prescribing antibiotics to all patients.

Question 19

A patient with HIV develops pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. The pneumonia is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A secondary infection.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between incidence and prevalence?

Accepted Answer

Incidence measures new cases; prevalence measures all cases (new and old) in a population.

Principles of Disease: Microbiome, Koch’s Postulates, and Epidemiology

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