Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s experiment with dogs?

Accepted Answer

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually elicits a conditioned response.

Question 2

In the context of classical conditioning, what is the difference between the unconditioned response (UR) and the conditioned response (CR)?

Accepted Answer

The UR is an automatic reaction to the unconditioned stimulus, while the CR is a learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 3

A person develops a fear of dogs after being bitten by one. Later, they also feel anxious around cats and rabbits. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 4

Which brain structure is most closely associated with reward processing in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus accumbens

Question 5

A child receives praise for completing their homework, making them more likely to do homework in the future. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Taking painkillers to remove a headache, increasing the likelihood of using painkillers in the future.

Question 7

In operant conditioning, what is the effect of a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

It produces high and steady rates of responding, as seen in gambling.

Question 8

Which principle increases the effectiveness of punishment in changing behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Punishment should be immediate and consistent.

Question 9

A rat learns to press a lever only when a light is on, but not when the light is off. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Question 10

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates latent learning?

Accepted Answer

A rat explores a maze without reinforcement but quickly finds the exit when food is later introduced.

Question 11

Which process is required for observational learning to occur, according to Bandura’s model?

Accepted Answer

Attention, memory, motor reproduction, and motivation

Question 12

A person who gets sick after eating clams develops an aversion to clams but not to other seafood. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why negative political advertising can be effective according to classical conditioning principles?

Accepted Answer

Unpleasant emotions are paired with a candidate, leading to negative associations.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Rewarding a child for each step they take toward cleaning their room until the entire room is clean.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the relationship between violent media and violent behaviour is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

There is a consistent correlation, but correlation does not imply causation.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of extinction in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned response no longer occurs.

Question 17

A slot machine pays out on a variable ratio schedule. What is the effect of this schedule on player behaviour?

Accepted Answer

It produces high, steady rates of responding and is resistant to extinction.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Accepted Answer

Taking away a teenager’s phone to reduce texting during class.

Question 19

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of spontaneous recovery?

Accepted Answer

After extinction, a conditioned response reappears when the conditioned stimulus is presented again after a rest period.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A child learns to tie their shoes by watching their older sibling.

Chapter 6: Learning – Introduction to Psychological Science Study Notes

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