Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of descriptive statistics in business research?

Accepted Answer

To summarize and describe patterns, variation, and anomalies in observed data.

Question 2

A company wants to compare the average basket value between online and store customers. Which variable is the grouping variable, and which is the outcome variable?

Accepted Answer

Grouping variable: channel; Outcome variable: basket value

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct formula for the sample mean?

Accepted Answer

$$\bar{x} = \frac{\sum x}{n}$$

Question 4

A histogram of basket values shows a strong right skew. Which measure of center is most appropriate to report?

Accepted Answer

Median, because it is robust to outliers.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the standard deviation is correct?

Accepted Answer

It measures the typical distance of values from the mean.

Question 6

In SPSS, which menu path would you use to generate a frequency table for a categorical variable?

Accepted Answer

Analyze → Descriptive Statistics → Frequencies

Question 7

Given the formulas below, which one correctly calculates the sample standard deviation?

Accepted Answer

$$s = \sqrt{\frac{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2$}{n-1}}$$

Question 8

A crosstab analysis between channel and renewal status is performed. What does the row percentage represent?

Accepted Answer

The proportion of renewed customers within each channel.

Question 9

Which chart is most appropriate for comparing the sizes of three customer segments (Store, Online, App)?

Accepted Answer

Sorted bar chart

Question 10

A business analyst finds that the mean basket value is much higher than the median. What does this suggest about the data?

Accepted Answer

The data is right-skewed.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a reason why a sample statistic might differ from the population parameter?

Accepted Answer

Using the entire population for analysis

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the Pearson correlation coefficient $$r$$?

Accepted Answer

It measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two quantitative variables.

Question 13

A boxplot of wait times shows several points far above the upper whisker. What should you conclude?

Accepted Answer

These are possible outliers and should be investigated further.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct interpretation of a sample result: 'Store customers renewed at a rate of 75% in this sample'?

Accepted Answer

In this sample, 75% of store customers renewed; this does not guarantee the same rate in the population.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a recommended step before running a descriptive analysis in SPSS?

Accepted Answer

Randomly delete cases to reduce sample size.

Question 16

If you want to compare the distribution of basket values across three channels, which SPSS procedure is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Analyze → Compare Means → Means

Question 17

Which formula would you use to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) for a sample?

Accepted Answer

$$CV = \frac{s}{\bar{x}} 	imes 100\%$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a limitation of using the mean as a measure of center?

Accepted Answer

It is sensitive to extreme values.

Question 19

A scatterplot between digital engagement (minutes) and basket value shows a moderate positive linear trend. What is the most appropriate conclusion?

Accepted Answer

In this sample, higher digital engagement is associated with higher basket values.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a component of the generalization checklist for making population claims?

Accepted Answer

Sample size must always be larger than the population

Descriptive Statistics, Data Types, and Bivariate Analysis: Foundations for Introductory Statistics

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