Anatomy & Physiology II: Course Structure and Major Topics

This study guide summarizes the key topics, laboratory exercises, and assessment structure for a typical college-level Anatomy & Physiology II course, based on the provided lecture and lab schedule. The course covers major organ systems, their anatomy and physiology, and related laboratory investigations.

Course Organization

• Lecture Topics: Weekly lectures cover specific chapters from the textbook, focusing on the endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems, as well as pregnancy and human development.

• Laboratory Exercises: Labs reinforce lecture material through hands-on activities, anatomical studies, physiological experiments, and review sheets.

• Assessments: The course includes multiple exams, lab practicals, quizzes, and assignments to evaluate understanding and application of material.

Major Topics and Subtopics

Endocrine System

The endocrine system regulates body functions through hormones secreted by glands. Understanding its anatomy and physiology is essential for grasping how the body maintains homeostasis.

• Functional Anatomy of Endocrine Glands: Study of major glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, etc.), their locations, and hormone production.

• Hormone Mechanisms: How hormones interact with target cells and regulate physiological processes.

• Lab Focus: Identification of glandular structures and understanding hormone effects.

Blood

Blood is a connective tissue vital for transport, defense, and regulation within the body.

• Composition of Blood: Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

• Blood Typing: Determining ABO and Rh blood groups; clinical significance in transfusions.

• Lab Focus: Blood cell identification and blood typing exercises.

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels, responsible for circulating blood throughout the body.

• Anatomy of the Heart: Chambers, valves, and major vessels.

• Conduction System: Electrical pathways that coordinate heartbeats.

• Blood Vessels: Structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries.

• Lab Focus: Dissection, model identification, and physiological measurements (e.g., pulse, blood pressure).

Lymphatic and Immune Systems

The lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and supports immune function, while the immune system defends against pathogens.

• Lymphatic Anatomy: Lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, and thymus.

• Immune Response: Innate and adaptive immunity, including cell types and mechanisms.

• Lab Focus: Identification of lymphatic structures and immune response experiments.

Respiratory System

The respiratory system enables gas exchange between the body and the environment.

• Anatomy: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

• Physiology: Mechanisms of breathing, gas transport, and regulation.

• Lab Focus: Lung models, spirometry, and respiratory physiology experiments.

Digestive System

The digestive system processes food for nutrient absorption and waste elimination.

• Anatomy: Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and accessory organs.

• Physiology: Mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and motility.

• Lab Focus: Dissection, enzyme activity, and nutrient absorption studies.

Urinary System

The urinary system removes waste products and regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

• Anatomy: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

• Physiology: Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation.

• Lab Focus: Kidney models, urinalysis, and physiological experiments.

Reproductive System and Human Development

The reproductive system ensures species continuity, while human development covers fertilization through embryonic and fetal stages.

• Anatomy: Male and female reproductive organs.

• Physiology: Gametogenesis, hormonal regulation, and reproductive cycles.

• Pregnancy and Development: Fertilization, embryogenesis, and fetal growth.

• Lab Focus: Reproductive anatomy models and physiology exercises.

Assessment Structure

Study Recommendations

• Review lecture notes and textbook chapters before and after each class.

• Complete all lab review sheets and participate actively in laboratory exercises.

• Use anatomical models and diagrams to reinforce spatial understanding.

• Practice with sample questions and quizzes to prepare for exams and practicals.

Additional info:

• This schedule aligns with standard Anatomy & Physiology II curricula, focusing on the organ systems listed in chapters 16–29 of most textbooks.

• Students are expected to integrate lecture and laboratory knowledge for comprehensive understanding.