Question 1

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal cortex and plays a key role in regulating sodium and potassium balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath. Laboratory tests reveal a hematocrit of 28%. Which of the following best describes the patient's condition?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Question 3

During ventricular systole, which of the following events occurs in the heart?

Accepted Answer

The semilunar valves open

Question 4

A blood vessel is found to have a diameter of 2 mm. According to Poiseuille’s law, how will the flow rate change if the diameter is doubled, assuming all other factors remain constant?

$$Q = \frac{\pi \Delta P r^4$}{8 \eta l}$$

Accepted Answer

The flow rate will increase by a factor of 16

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Producing red blood cells

Question 6

A person receives a vaccine containing an inactivated virus. Which type of immunity is primarily stimulated?

Accepted Answer

Active immunity

Question 7

During inspiration, which of the following changes occurs in the thoracic cavity?

Accepted Answer

The volume increases and pressure decreases

Question 8

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 50% predicted. Which of the following best describes the effect on gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen diffusion due to reduced alveolar surface area

Question 9

Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of starch in the mouth?

Accepted Answer

Amylase

Question 10

A patient is found to have glucose in their urine. Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

The renal threshold for glucose has been exceeded

Question 11

Which of the following structures is responsible for the production of testosterone?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Concentration of urine by creating a gradient in the medulla

Question 13

A woman is in the third trimester of pregnancy. Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the uterine lining during this period?

Accepted Answer

Progesterone

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Left atrium

Question 15

A patient is experiencing excessive thirst and urination. Laboratory tests show high blood glucose levels. Which endocrine disorder is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Decreases surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse

Question 17

A patient has a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg. Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) using the formula:

$$MAP = \frac{1}{3} (Systolic) + \frac{2}{3} (Diastolic)$$

What is the MAP?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 106.7\ 	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the hepatic portal system?

Accepted Answer

Carrying nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver

Question 19

A patient with kidney failure is unable to excrete hydrogen ions efficiently. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of fertilization?

Accepted Answer

Fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell

Anatomy & Physiology II: Lecture and Lab Schedule – Study Guide Overview

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