Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function; structure dictates function.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of an emergent property in physiology?

Accepted Answer

The coordinated contraction of the heart to pump blood, which cannot be predicted by studying individual heart cells alone.

Question 3

Which type of epithelial tissue is specialized for rapid exchange of gases and is found in the lungs and lining of blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Exchange epithelium

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why the disappearance of anchoring junctions can contribute to cancer metastasis?

Accepted Answer

Anchoring junctions hold cells together, so their loss allows cells to detach and migrate.

Question 5

Which connective tissue type is characterized by a rigid ground substance due to calcium salts and is responsible for structural support?

Accepted Answer

Bone

Question 6

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled movement of substances between cells, leading to leaky gut syndrome

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the law of mass balance as it applies to the human body?

Accepted Answer

Any gain of a substance must be offset by an equal loss to maintain a constant amount.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in homeostatic regulation?

Accepted Answer

A decrease in blood pressure causing the heart to increase its rate and blood vessels to constrict, restoring blood pressure.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

ICF is separated from ECF by the cell membrane, and ICF contains higher concentrations of K+ than ECF.

Question 10

Which of the following molecules can most easily diffuse across the plasma membrane without the help of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

O2

Question 11

Which glial cell type is responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cells

Question 12

A neuron is unable to transport vesicles from the cell body to the axon terminal. Which motor protein is most likely defective?

Accepted Answer

Kinesin

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na+/K+ ATPase in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell, using ATP.

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of graded potentials in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Their amplitude varies with the strength of the stimulus.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why action potentials do not lose strength as they travel along the axon?

Accepted Answer

They are continuously regenerated by voltage-gated ion channels along the axon.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the absolute refractory period of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are inactivated and cannot reopen.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They maintain the blood-brain barrier and regulate the chemical environment.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a feedforward mechanism in physiology?

Accepted Answer

Salivation and gastric secretion triggered by the smell of food before eating.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine glands secrete products onto epithelial surfaces via ducts, while endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the digestive tract is considered part of the body's external environment?

Accepted Answer

Its lumen is continuous with the outside world and not directly exposed to the internal environment.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Structure, Function, and Cellular Organization

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