Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is considered the 'universal solvent' in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water's polarity allows it to surround and interact with many different solutes, forming hydration shells around ions and polar molecules.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing acidosis, with a blood pH of 7.1. Which buffer system is most likely to help restore normal pH?

Accepted Answer

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, by accepting excess H+ ions.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A water molecule is removed to form a covalent bond between two monomers.

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct representation of the molecular formula for glucose, galactose, and fructose?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$}$$

Question 6

A molecule of sodium chloride (NaCl) forms when:

Accepted Answer

A sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom, resulting in electrostatic attraction between Na+ and Cl-.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes an amphipathic molecule?

Accepted Answer

A molecule that contains both polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why ice floats on liquid water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds in ice hold water molecules farther apart, making ice less dense than liquid water.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?

Accepted Answer

As pH decreases, hydrogen ion concentration increases.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct example of a nonpolar covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

The bond between the two hydrogen atoms in $$\mathrm{H_2$}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a physiological significance of the phosphate ion ($$\mathrm{PO_4$^{3-}}) in $$the human body?

Accepted Answer

It is a component of nucleotides, including ATP and nucleic acids.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose; RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why fats and cholesterol require carrier proteins for transport in blood?

Accepted Answer

They are nonpolar and do not dissolve in water.

Question 15

A protein loses its three-dimensional structure and function when exposed to high temperatures. This process is called:

Accepted Answer

Denaturation

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct example of a polysaccharide found in animals?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of water?

Accepted Answer

They are individually weak but collectively strong, giving water its unique properties such as high specific heat and surface tension.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

A water molecule is added to break a bond between two monomers.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of eicosanoids in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Local signaling molecules involved in the inflammatory response

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why a solution with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 7?

Accepted Answer

The pH scale is logarithmic, so each unit represents a tenfold change in H+ concentration.

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules: Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

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