Q: Which of the following equations correctly calculates the total oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, given a hemoglobin concentration of 15 g/dL and a blood volume of 5 L?

$$15 \times 1.34 = 20.1 mL O$_2/dL$$; $$20.1 \times 50 = 1,005 mL O$_2 in 5 L$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the three main layers observed after centrifuging a sample of whole blood, as shown in the image?

Accepted Answer

Plasma (top), white blood cells and platelets (middle), red blood cells (bottom)

Question 2

A patient presents with a hematocrit of 60%. Which clinical condition is most likely, and what is a potential risk associated with this finding?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia; increased blood viscosity and risk of thrombosis

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting hormones?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO) in the body?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates red bone marrow to increase erythrocyte production in response to hypoxia

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly calculates the total oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, given a hemoglobin concentration of 15 g/dL and a blood volume of 5 L?

Accepted Answer

$$15 	imes 1.34 = 20.1 mL O$_2/dL$$; $$20.1 	imes 50 = 1,005 mL O$_2 in 5 L$

Question 6

A patient with iron deficiency anemia will most likely have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Decreased hemoglobin concentration and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

Question 7

Which feature of erythrocyte structure directly enhances its ability to exchange gases efficiently?

Accepted Answer

Biconcave shape increases surface area for gas exchange

Question 8

What is the main reason old erythrocytes are recycled rather than repaired?

Accepted Answer

They lack nuclei and organelles, preventing protein synthesis and repair

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why dehydration can artificially elevate hematocrit values?

Accepted Answer

Plasma volume decreases, making the proportion of erythrocytes appear higher

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the stages of erythropoiesis from stem cell to mature erythrocyte?

Accepted Answer

Hemocytoblast → Proerythroblast → Erythroblast → Reticulocyte → Erythrocyte

Question 11

A patient’s erythrocytes become less flexible due to a genetic disorder. What is the most likely physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Reduced ability to pass through narrow capillaries, leading to decreased tissue oxygen delivery

Question 12

Which plasma protein is the precursor to fibrin, essential for blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinogen

Question 13

Which of the following nutrients is NOT directly required for erythrocyte production?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Question 14

Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is correct?

Accepted Answer

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules due to its four heme groups

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the kidneys in erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

They detect hypoxia and release erythropoietin to stimulate red bone marrow

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of plasma globulins?

Accepted Answer

Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids and ions; gamma globulins provide immunity

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the biconcave shape of erythrocytes is advantageous?

Accepted Answer

It increases surface area for gas exchange and allows flexibility in capillaries

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the recycling of erythrocyte components is correct?

Accepted Answer

Iron is salvaged and stored as ferritin or bound to transferrin for reuse

Question 19

A patient with a plasma protein deficiency is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Edema due to decreased plasma osmotic pressure

Blood: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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