$$\text{Risk of shock} \propto \text{Blood loss} \ (\%)$$

Question 1

A patient loses 25% of their total blood volume in a car accident. Which of the following symptoms are they most likely to experience, and why?

Accepted Answer

Pallor and weakness due to moderate blood loss

Question 2

Which solution is commonly used to restore blood volume in emergency situations when compatible blood is not available?

Accepted Answer

Normal saline or Ringer’s solution

Question 3

What is the primary risk when a patient receives a mismatched blood transfusion?

Accepted Answer

The recipient’s plasma agglutinins attack the donor’s red blood cells

Question 4

A person with blood type B has which of the following on their red blood cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

B agglutinogen only

Question 5

Which blood type is considered the universal donor for red blood cell transfusions, and why?

Accepted Answer

Type O, because it lacks A and B antigens

Question 6

If a person with type A blood receives type B blood, what will happen?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and possible hemolysis due to anti-B antibodies in the recipient

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the process of cross-matching in blood transfusions?

Accepted Answer

Mixing recipient serum with donor RBCs and vice versa to check for agglutination

Question 8

A patient’s blood sample agglutinates with anti-A serum but not with anti-B serum. What is their blood type?

Accepted Answer

Type A

Question 9

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between blood loss and the risk of shock?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Risk of shock} \propto 	ext{Blood loss} \ (\%)$$

Question 10

Why is hemoglobin released into the bloodstream during a transfusion reaction dangerous for the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

It can clog kidney tubules, leading to renal failure

Question 11

A newborn is exposed to antigens A and B for the first time. When do anti-A or anti-B antibodies typically reach adult levels?

Accepted Answer

By 8–10 years of age

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why type AB individuals are considered universal recipients?

Accepted Answer

They lack anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma

Question 13

A patient with type O blood needs a transfusion. Which blood types can they safely receive?

Accepted Answer

Type O only

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding agglutinogens and agglutinins in the ABO blood group system?

Accepted Answer

Agglutinogens are antigens on RBCs; agglutinins are antibodies in plasma

Question 15

A patient’s blood does not agglutinate with either anti-A or anti-B serum. What is their blood type?

Accepted Answer

Type O

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

They serve as antigens that can trigger immune responses

Question 17

A patient with type AB blood receives type O blood. What is the expected outcome?

Accepted Answer

No reaction, as type O has no A or B antigens

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why cross-matching is necessary before a blood transfusion?

Accepted Answer

To detect any possible agglutination reactions between donor and recipient blood

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct consequence of agglutination during a transfusion reaction?

Accepted Answer

Clogging of small blood vessels

Question 20

A patient’s blood agglutinates with both anti-A and anti-B sera. What is their blood type?

Accepted Answer

Type AB

Blood Transfusions and Human Blood Groups

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